Computer parts

2) Computer Parts.

• Casing
• Smps (System Monitoring Power Supply)
• Motherboard
• Cpu (central processing unit)
• Cpu Fan
• Ram (random access memory)
• Optical drive (cd-rom, dvd rom)
• Pci card (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
• Agp (Accelerate Graphic Port)
• Isa (Industry Standard Architech)
• Battery
• Hard disk
• Floppy drive


1. Casing:

Casing is the like a box, where we could assemble our different computer parts. Casing is differentiate as AT or ATX according to the SMPS fit in there. Generally Casing contains the Smps, Power button, Reset button along with the cables.

2. SMPS (System Monitoring Power Supply)

An electrical device that transforms standard wall outlet electricity (115–220 volts AC) into the lower voltages (typically 5 to 12 volts DC) required by computer systems. Personal computer power supplies are rated by wattage; they usually range from about 90 watts at the low end through 250 watts at the high end.

Types of Smps:
a)AT Smps
b)ATx smps

a) AT Smps-
AT Smps generally fit in AT Casing. AT Smps contains 12 pin hold connect to different colours of different volt.

Pin No. Colour Volt
1 Orange 3.3v
2 Red 5v
3 Yellow 12v
4 Blue -12v
5 Black 0
6 Black 0
7 Black 0
8 Black 0
9 White -5v
10 Red 5v
11 Red 5v
12 Red 5v

ATX Smps-
ATX smps generally fit on ATX casing. ATX casing generally contains 20 pins or 24 pin hold connect to different colours of different volts.

Pin no. Colour Volts
1 Orange 3.3v
2 Orange 3.3v
3 Black 0v
4 Red 5v
5 Black 0
6 Red 5v
7 Black 0
8 Gray PowerOK
9 Purple 5vSB
10 Blue 12v
11 Orange 3.3v
12 Blue -12v
13 Black 0
14 Brown PS-on
15 Black 0
16 Black 0
17 Black 0
18 White -5v
19 Red +5v
20 Red +5v

The Four extra Pin Holds are defined as below.

Pin Definition

Pin Signal
1 GND
2 GND
3 12v
4 12v

3. Mother Board:

Logical board: Another name for motherboard or processor board. The term was used in conjunction with older computers to distinguish the video board (analog board) from the motherboard.



The main circuit board containing the primary components of a computer system. This board contains the processor, main memory, support circuitry, and bus controller and connector. Other boards, including expansion memory and input/output boards, may attach to the motherboard via the bus connector. There is a number of Bus line or Bus route through which the data transfer in a bus speed.
Along these different mother board contains the different slots. They are pointed as below.

A) PCI- Peripheral Component Interconnect
B) AGP-Accelerated Graphics Port
C) ISA-Industry Standard Architecture

a)PCI local Bus- Short for Peripheral Component Interconnect local bus. A specification introduced by Intel Corporation that defines a local bus system for a computer built to the PCI specification. The PCI local bus allows up to 10 PCI-compliant expansion cards to be installed in the computer. A PCI local bus system requires the presence of a PCI controller card, which must be installed in one of the PCI-compliant slots. Optionally, an expansion bus controller for the system's ISA, EISA, or Micro Channel Architecture slots can be installed as well, providing increased synchronization over all the system's bus-installed resources. The PCI controller can exchange data with the system's CPU either 32 bits or 64 bits at a time, depending on the implementation, and it allows intelligent, PCI-compliant adapters to perform tasks concurrently with the CPU using a technique called bus mastering. The PCI specification allows for multiplexing, a technique that permits more than one electrical signal to be present on the bus at one time.

b)AGP- Acronym for Accelerated Graphics Port, a high-performance bus specification designed fast, high-quality display 3D and video images. Developed by Intel Corporation, AGP uses a dedicated point-to-point connection between the graphics controller and main system memory. This connection enables AGP-capable display adapters and compatible chip sets to transfer video data directly between system memory and adapter memory, to display images more quickly and smoothly than they can be when the information must be transferred over the system’s primary (PCI) bus. AGP also allows for storing complex image elements such as texture maps in system memory and thus reduces the need for large amounts of memory on the adapter itself. AGP runs at 66 MHz—twice as fast as the PCI bus—and can support data transfer speeds up to 533 Mb per second.

c)ISA- Acronym for Industry Standard Architecture. A bus design specification that allows components to be added as cards plugged into standard expansion slots in IBM Personal Computers and compatibles. Originally introduced in the IBM PC/XT with an 8-bit data path, ISA was expanded in 1984, when IBM introduced the PC/AT, to permit a 16-bit data path. A 16-bit ISA slot actually consists of two separate 8-bit slots mounted end-to-end so that a single 16-bit card plugs into both slots. An 8-bit expansion card can be inserted and used in a 16-bit slot (it occupies only one of the two slots), but a 16-bit expansion card cannot be used in an 8-bit slot.


#To differentiate the different slot.

A) PCI slot-shortest than the AGP and ISA slot and mostly lies between the AGP and ISA slot.
B) AGP slot- Mostly closer to the CPU and slightly longer than the PCI slot.
C) ISA slot- Far from the CPU and longest than that of PCI and AGP slot.

4. CPU (Central Processing Unit)



The computational and control unit of a computer. The central processing unit is the device that interprets and executes instructions. Mainframes and early minicomputers contained circuit boards full of integrated circuits that implemented the central processing unit. Single-chip central processing units, called microprocessors, made possible personal computers and workstations. The CPU—or microprocessor, in the case of a microcomputer—has the ability to fetch, decode, and execute instructions and to transfer information to and from other resources over the computer's main data-transfer path, the bus. By definition, the CPU is the chip that functions as the "brain" of a computer. In some instances, however, the term encompasses both the processor and the computer's memory or, even more broadly, the main computer console (as opposed to peripheral equipment)

A central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip. A modern microprocessor can have over 1 million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that is roughly 1 inch square. Microprocessors are at the heart of all personal computers. When memory and power are added to a microprocessor, all the pieces, excluding peripherals, required for a computer are present.

5. CPU Fan.

The cooling fan which is fixed over the processor. The main function of the processor fan is to prevent processor from heat. The paste heat sink is coated between the cpu and fan to make the processor for the long period. 12 v id required for the fan to move which is provide from the motherboard.


6. Ram (Random Access Memory)
Acronym for random access memory. Semiconductor-based memory that can be read and written by the CPU or other hardware devices. The storage locations can be accessed in any order. Note that the various types of ROM memory are capable of random access, but cannot be written to. The term RAM, however, is generally understood to refer to volatile memory that can be written to as well as read.

Types of RAM:
a)SD Ram- 13 cm memory where there are two gap at the base level of the Ram.

b) DDR Ram- 13 Cm memory where there is one gap at the base level of the RAM which is located at the 7 cm of the memory.

c) DDR2 Ram- 13 Cm memory where there is one gap at the base level of the RAM which is located at the 7.3 cm of the memory.

7. Optical Drive:

A disk drive that reads and often can write data on optical discs. Examples of optical drives include CD-ROM drive, CD-RW(read and write), Combo (cd -rw+dvd read), DvD RAM (Dvd read and Write).

8. BATTERY:

Two or more cells in a container that produces an electrical current when two electrodes within the container touch an electrolyte. In personal computers, batteries are used as an auxiliary source of power when the main power is shut off; as a power source for laptop and notebook computers (rechargeable batteries, such as nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and lithium ion, are used); and as a method to keep the internal clock and the circuitry that is responsible for the part of RAM that stores important system information always powered up.

9. HARD DISK:

A device containing one or more inflexible platters coated with material in which data can be recorded magnetically, together with their read/write heads, the head-positioning mechanism, and the spindle motor in a sealed case that protects against outside contaminants. The protected environment allows the heads to fly 10 to 25 millionths of an inch above the surfaces of platters rotating typically at 3600 rpm; therefore, much more data can be stored and accessed much more quickly than on a floppy disk. Most hard disks contain from two to eight platters. Also called hard disk drive.

10. FLOPPY Drive:

A round piece of flexible plastic film coated with ferric oxide particles that can hold a magnetic field. When placed inside a disk drive, the floppy disk rotates to bring different areas, or sectors, of the disk surface under the drive's read/write head, which can detect and alter the orientation of the particles' magnetic fields to represent binary 1s and 0s. A floppy disk 5.25 inches in diameter is encased in a flexible plastic jacket and has a large hole in the center, which fits around a spindle in the disk drive; such a disk can hold from a few hundred thousand to over one million bytes of data. A 3.5-inch disk encased in rigid plastic is also called a floppy disk or a microfloppy disk. In addition, 8-inch floppy disks were common in DEC and other minicomputer systems




MS DOS-

Acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System. A single-tasking, single-user operating system with a command-line interface, released in 1981 for IBM and IBM-compatible computers. MS-DOS, like other operating systems, oversees operations such as disk input and output, video support, keyboard control, and many internal functions related to program execution and file maintenance.

MS DOS is the command-line interface. Language used in MS DOS is call syntax. We can create, Rename, Delete, copy files from one drive to another drive by using commanding syntax. Along these we can Format the drive and easily convert the file system (FAT to NTFS) by using the commanding syntax.



BIOS:

Acronym for basic input/output system. On PC-compatible computers, the set of essential software routines that test hardware at startup, start the operating system, and support the transfer of data among hardware devices. The BIOS is stored in read-only memory (ROM) so that it can be executed when the computer is turned on. Although critical to performance, the BIOS is usually invisible to computer users.

To enter to the BIOS we can press the Del button after the computer starts. (note: there may be the different button to enter the bios according to the Mother-Board, for eg : mostly F2 button is used to enter to the bios in pin less board). We can change the configuration according to our requirement through the bios.








Formatting and setup by using win-XP bootable Disk.

There are different ways to formatting the drive. By using xp Bootable disk its easy and appropriate way to format the drive and setup.

Steps:
• Press del button before the computer starts to enter to the bios.
• Then go to the ‘Advance Bios configuration’ or ‘Boot’.
• Select the ‘First Boot Device’ as CD rom and press enter.
• Press F10 to save the current settings and exit.
• After that insert the XP bootable disk and restart the computer to let the computer boot from the cd.
• Then the computer displays, ‘press any key to boot from cd’
• Press any key and the computer starts to boot after inspecting the hardware configuration.
• Then the bootable cd automatically load the drivers.
• After that the computer displays the drives which we want to format. For eg: c:,d:,e: .
• Then there are the option
1. Leave the current operating operating system.
2. Format the drive in FAT file system quickly.
3. Format the drive in NTFS file system quickly.
4. Format the drive in FAT file system.
5. Format the drive in NTFS file system.
• Choose the option according to the requirement.
• Then select the drive and press enter, and press F to format and to continue format press enter or esc to escape.
• Then the drive will be formatted and the computer start to copying the files. After completing the copying the file the computer starts to reboot automatically.
• Then the computer again displays ‘Press any key to boot from cd’ the time don’t press any key.
• Then the computer automatically starts to setup the Win-XP.
• A window like wizard displays as….


• Collection
Information
• Dynamic
Update
• Preparing
Installation
• Installing
Windows
• Finalizing Installation
Setup will complete in approximately
39 Minutes.

Installing Network




• After the setup complete. The computer automatically setup the dotnet, apply the personal settings and themes.
• Then take out the win-xp bootable disk and insert the Mother board cd.
• XP supports the auto-run and brows the cd and displays the uninstalled drivers.
• Then check-in the box which we want to installed the driver like diver of Audio, VGA,etc. and press enter to continue the driver installation.
• After the driver will installed the computer restarted automatically.
• After all the driver will installed the setup completes.
• Then we have to installed the required softwares.