xp

Installing Microsoft Windows XP Professional


Module Overview






As a Microsoft® Windows® XP Professional support professional, one of your tasks may be to install the operating system. There are a number of ways to install Windows XP Professional, and each installation method requires that you carefully plan for the installation and choose correct setup options during the installation. Familiarity with the available options and setup procedures will help you deploy Windows XP Professional efficiently.

After completing this module, you will be able to:
• Plan an installation of Windows XP Professional.
• Install Windows XP Professional from a CD.
• Install Windows XP Professional over a network.
• Upgrade to Windows XP Professional.
• Transfer user settings and files by using the User State Migration Tool (USMT).
• Perform important post-installation tasks.
• Troubleshoot failed installations.






Planning an Installation of Microsoft
Windows XP Professional 1 of 14

Lesson Overview





When you run the Windows XP Professional Setup program, you must provide information about how to install and configure the operating system. Thorough planning can make your installation of Windows XP Professional more efficient by helping you to avoid potential problems during installation. An understanding of the configuration options will also help to ensure that you have properly configured your system.

In this lesson you will learn about the following topics:
• Checking system requirements
• Checking hardware and software compatibility
• Determining disk partitioning options
• Choosing the appropriate file system: FAT, FAT32, NTFS
• Deciding on a workgroup or domain installation
• Completing a pre-installation checklist






Planning an Installation of Microsoft
Windows XP Professional 2 of 14

Checking System Requirements





Before installing Windows XP Professional, it is important to make sure that your system meets the minimum requirements. The following table lists the minimum system requirements and the recommended system levels for Windows XP Professional.


Component
Minimum system requirements Recommended system levels






CPU (up to two)
P2 233 megahertz (MHz) or equivalent
P2 300 MHz or equivalent





RAM (minimum and maximum)
64 megabytes (MB) / 4 gigabytes (GB)
128 MB / 4 GB





Hard disk space
2 GB hard disk with 650 MB free space (additional if installing over a network)
2 GB free hard disk space





Maximum hard disk space on partition
2 terabytes
2 terabytes





Partition size
1.5 GB
2 GB





Display
VGA-compatible or higher display adapter; monitor capable of 600X800 display
SVGA -compatible display adapter





Accessories
Keyboard and mouse or other pointing device
Keyboard and mouse or other pointing device





For CD-ROM installation
CD-ROM drive
12x or faster CD-ROM drive





For network installation
Network client or boot disk
Network client or boot disk









The recommended additional free disk space on the partition on which you install Windows XP Professional is used for optional components such as user accounts, logs, future service packs, and also for the paging file used by the operating system. A partition is a dedicated space on the hard drive. The recommended 2 GB partition allows for additional space for files that applications installed on the computer may require in the Windows directory.








Planning an Installation of Microsoft
Windows XP Professional 3 of 14

Checking Hardware and Software Compatibility





After you determine that your system meets the minimum requirements, you must verify that your hardware and software are compatible with Windows XP Professional. You can check hardware by using the Hardware Compatibility List (HCL), or by generating a compatibility report.

Verifying Hardware Compatibility by Using the HCL

You can ensure that your hardware is compatible with Windows XP Professional by verifying that all hardware devices are listed on the HCL. Microsoft provides tested device drivers for those devices that are listed on the HCL. Using hardware that is not on the HCL may result in problems during or after installation. For a copy of the Windows XP Professional HCL, see the Hcl.txt file in the support folder on the Windows XP Professional CD. For the most up-to-date version of the HCL, see the Microsoft Windows XP Professional HCL Web site at Microsoft.com/hcl.



Important: Microsoft supports only those devices listed on the HCL. If you have hardware that is not listed on the HCL, contact the hardware manufacturer to determine if there is a manufacturer-supported driver that is compatible with Windows XP Professional.











Installing Windows XP Professional from a Product CD 1 of 5

Lesson Overview





You will perform a new installation, sometimes called a "clean install," when:
• There is no existing operating system on the partition on which you will install Windows XP Professional.

- or -
• You want to completely remove and replace the existing operating system on the partition.
Becoming familiar with the tasks that are necessary for installation and the most common post-installation tasks will help ensure that Windows XP Professional is successfully installed on client computers so that users' work will not be impeded by operating system problems.

In this lesson you will learn about the following topics:
• Running the Setup program
• Completing the Setup Wizard
• Installing network components








Installing Windows XP Professional from a Product CD 2 of 5

Running the Setup Program





The first part of the Setup program is text-based, not a wizard. To run the Setup program, perform the following steps:
1. Start the computer from the CD.
2. Select To Setup Windows XP Professional Now.
3. Read and accept the licensing agreement.
4. Select or create the partition on which you will install Windows XP Professional.



Important: To have a choice of partitions, on the Install Options page, click Advanced Options, select I want to choose my drive letter or partition during Setup, click OK, and then finish the setup.


5.
6. Select a file system for the installation partition.
The computer will restart in graphical mode, and the installation will continue.








Installing Windows XP Professional from a Product CD 3 of 5

Completing the Setup Wizard






After running the text-based portion of the Setup program, complete the Setup Wizard by performing the following steps:
1. Click Customize to change regional settings, if necessary. The settings are described in the following table.


Setting
Description






Current System Locale
Affects how programs display dates, times, currency, and numbers. Choose the locale that matches your location, for example, French (Canada).





Current Keyboard Layout
Accommodates the special characters and symbols used in different languages. Your keyboard layout determines which characters appear when you press keys on the keyboard.









2. Type your name and organization.
3. Type the product key.
4. Type the computer name and a password for the local Administrator account. The local Administrator account resides in the SAM of the computer, not in Active Directory. If you will be installing in a domain, you need either a pre-assigned computer name for which a domain account has been created, or the right to create a computer account within the domain.



Tip: To increase security on your network, it is recommended that you require complex passwords that are hard for anyone else to guess.


5.
6. Select the date, time, and time zone settings.













Installing Windows XP Professional from a Product CD 4 of 5

Installing Network Components





After completing the Setup Wizard, the computer will restart. Install network components by performing the following steps:
1. Choose a network setting, and then click Next. The network settings are described in the following table.


Setting
Description






Typical
Installs Client for Microsoft Networks, File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks, and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) assigned addresses.





Custom
Creates custom network connections; for example, configuring a static IP address, configuring the computer as a Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) client, or adding additional protocols.









2. Provide a workgroup or domain name, and then click Next to begin installation. If you are installing into a domain, go to step 3; if you are installing into a workgroup, you are finished. If you are joining a domain, you must enter the credentials of a user account that has permissions to join a computer to the domain.
3. If you are installing to a domain, configure the network ID for the computer.

After restarting, Windows XP Professional displays the Network ID Wizard. In this wizard, you can do one of the following:
o Configure a local user account and password for the computer.
o Choose not to configure a specific user account for the computer. When a user starts the computer, the Log On to Windows dialog box appears.













Installing Windows XP Professional Over a Network 1 of 2








If you are installing Windows XP Professional from a networked server, the computer on which you will install Windows XP Professional must be able to connect to that server. After the computer is connected, you run the Setup program, and the installation is performed in the same way as an installation from a CD.
1. Prepare the client computer.

The client computer requires a formatted partition on which to copy the installation files. Create a partition of at least 650 MB (2 GB recommended) and format it by using the FAT32 file system. You should use the FAT32 file system because a Windows 98 or MS-DOS network boot disk cannot read a partition that is formatted with NTFS.
2. Enable network connectivity.

If the client computer has an existing operating system, install a network client. If it does not have an operating system, boot from a client disk that includes a network client that enables the target computer to connect to the distribution server. Start the client computer by using the network client.
3. Connect to the distribution server.

A distribution server contains the installation files from the i386 folder on the Windows XP Professional CD. These files must reside in a shared folder.
4. Run the Setup program.

If the client computer is running Windows 98, Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition, or Windows NT, run Winnt32.exe from the shared folder to start the Setup program. If you are booting by using an MS-DOS-based network boot disk, run Winnt.exe. Setup will restart the computer after copying all files from the i386 folder to a temporary folder on the target computer.
5. Install Windows XP Professional.

From this point, installation from the server is the same as an installation from a CD-ROM.









Upgrading to Windows XP Professional 1 of 10

Lesson Overview





You can upgrade most Windows client operating systems directly to Windows XP Professional. If you upgrade instead of doing a new installation, you will not lose the existing settings and applications on the partition.

When preparing for an upgrade, you should first complete the tasks listed on the pre-installation checklist that appears in the Planning Your Installation section of this module, and then prepare your system for the upgrade.

Preparing for an upgrade consists of these additional tasks:
• Identifying the upgrade path
• Preparing your system
When you upgrade, you can choose an Express Upgrade, or the Custom option. The Custom option enables you to select the partition on which Windows XP Professional will be installed, and to select special other non-standard options.

In this lesson you will learn about the following topics:
• Identifying upgrade paths
• Preparing your system
• Choosing an installation type
• Upgrading computers running Windows 98
• Upgrading computers running Windows 2000 or Windows NT 4.0 SP 5.0
• Installing Windows XP Professional in a dual-boot configuration








Upgrading to Windows XP Professional 2 of 10

Identifying Upgrade Paths






The following operating systems can be upgraded directly to Windows XP Professional:
• Windows 98
• Windows Millennium Edition
• Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 4.0 SP 5
• Windows 2000 Professional









Upgrading to Windows XP Professional 3 of 10

Identifying Upgrade Paths







If you are running
Upgrade to this OS first






Versions of Microsoft NT workstation earlier than version 4.0
SP 5
Windows NT 4.0 SP 5





Windows 95
Windows 98









The following table shows the operating systems that require an additional step to be upgraded to Windows XP Professional.



Note: Although you can upgrade from Microsoft Windows 3.5.1 and Windows 95 to Windows XP Professional by using interim upgrades, the hardware available on computers running these older operating systems will probably not meet the minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP Professional.












Upgrading to Windows XP Professional 4 of 10

Preparing Your System





Preparing your system for an upgrade is as important as planning an installation. Systems that are not properly prepared may have problems during or after the upgrade. Use the following tasks to prepare your system for upgrade.
• Determine hardware and software compatibility.

Microsoft provides a compatibility tool at: Microsoft.com/hcl.

You can also run the Windows Readiness Analyzer (Winnt32 \checkupgradeonly).
• Install hardware and software updates as necessary.

Review your current system information and compatibility reports, and then obtain hardware and software updates from your hardware or software manufacturer. It is particularly important to ensure that you have the latest BIOS (basic input/output system) that is available from your computer manufacturer. If the computer has BIOS anti-virus enabled, you must disable this option.
• Back up files.

Use the Backup Wizard to back up your files to a disk, a tape drive, or another computer on your network.
• Scan for viruses.

Use anti-virus software to scan for and eradicate any viruses on your hard disk.
• Uncompress compressed drives.

Uncompress any drive compressed by using DriveSpace, DoubleSpace, or any compression method other than NTFS compression before upgrading to Windows XP Professional. Do not upgrade to Windows XP Professional on a compressed drive unless the drive was compressed with the NTFS file system compression feature.
• Uninstall incompatible software.

Certain types of software may be incompatible with Windows XP Professional, and should be removed prior to upgrading. While not every instance of the following types of software will be incompatible, these software types may be incompatible:
o Third-party networking protocols and third-party client software that do not have an update in the i386\Winntupg folder on the Windows XP Professional CD-ROM.
o Anti-virus applications and disk quota software, because of the changes in the version of NTFS used in Windows NT 4.0 and later versions.
o Custom power management software or tools, because the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) and Advanced Power Management (APM) features in Windows XP Professional replace these tools.









Upgrading to Windows XP Professional 5 of 10

Choosing an Installation Type






When you perform an upgrade to Windows XP Professional, you can select an Express upgrade or a Custom upgrade.

Upgrade (Recommended)

An Upgrade will automatically upgrade your Windows installation in the existing operating system folder, and maintain all existing settings. An express upgrade is the recommended type of upgrade.
Custom Upgrade

A Custom Upgrade performs an upgrade of your existing Windows installation and enables you to customize the installation by:
• Changing the installation partition.
• Change the installation folder.
• Changing the language options.
• Converting the file system on the installation partition to NTFS.








Upgrading to Windows XP Professional 6 of 10

Upgrading Computers Running Windows 98





To upgrade from Windows 98 to Windows XP Professional, perform the following steps:
1. Insert the product CD.
2. Select the Upgrade to Windows XP Professional (Recommended) check box, and then click Next.
3. Read and accept the licensing agreement.
4. Specify any update packs that are required to make your applications work properly with Windows XP Professional.

Update packs contain migration dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that update an application so that it works in Windows XP Professional. They are available from the software vendor.
5. Select the partition on which to install Windows XP Professional.

If you are installing the system onto an existing FAT partition, specify whether you want to convert the partition to NTFS.



Important: Windows XP Professional provides an uninstall tool when upgrading from Windows 98 on a drive formatted as FAT or FAT32. Therefore, when upgrading this type of drive, you will not have the option to upgrade to NTFS, as this would negate the uninstall option. However, you can convert the drive to NTFS after installation if you choose.


6.
7. Review the upgrade report.

Setup generates an upgrade report to alert you to any compatibility problems. Every application on the computer is scanned for known problems, and upgrade packs are recommended as needed.



Note: Stop the installation process only if the compatibility problems would prevent the user from operating the computer. In most cases, these errors are associated with a specific application and you can resolve them after completing setup. You can print or save the upgrade report to help you resolve the errors after the upgrade is complete.


8.
9. Join a domain.

Client computers running Windows 98 do not have domain computer accounts. If the computer that is being upgraded is going to join a domain, a computer account must exist or you must create the domain computer account.
10. Finish running the Setup program, which converts as much information as possible from the Windows 98 registry and installs Windows XP Professional.
When the upgrade is complete, log on as the local administrator to review any errors that may have occurred.



Note: Windows XP Professional has a Run in Compatibility Mode tool that enables applications to be run in an environment that emulates either Windows 98 or Windows NT 4.0.











Upgrading to Windows XP Professional 7 of 10

Upgrading Computers Running Windows 2000, or Windows NT Workstation 4.0 SP 5






Because Windows 2000, Windows NT Workstation 4.0 SP 5 and Windows XP Professional share common registry, file system, security, and operating system kernel structures, nearly all applications that run on Windows 2000 and Windows NT Workstation 4.0 SP 5 will run without modification on Windows XP Professional. Upgrading from these operating systems to Windows XP Professional is easier than upgrading from other Windows operating systems because:
• Almost all peripherals and devices that worked with Windows 2000 Professional and Windows NT Workstation 4.0 will work with Windows XP Professional.
• The version of NTFS used in Windows NT Workstation 4.0 is automatically upgraded to the version of NTFS used in Windows XP Professional during the upgrade process.



Note: A few minor incompatibilities exist between the version of NTFS used in Windows NT Workstation 4.0 and the version of NTFS used in Windows 2000 and Windows XP Professional. For example, file system filters used by anti-virus software and third-party networking software that were originally written for Windows NT no longer function between the two versions of the file system.











Upgrading to Windows XP Professional 8 of 10

Upgrading Computers Running Windows 2000, or Windows NT Workstation 4.0 SP 5





The upgrade process for client computers running Windows 2000, or Windows NT Workstation 4.0 SP 6 is similar to the upgrade process for client computers running Windows 98. To upgrade clients running Windows NT Workstation 4.0, perform the following tasks:
1. Start the computer from the product CD.
2. Select the Upgrade to Windows XP Professional (Recommended) check box, and then click Next.
3. Read and accept the licensing agreement.
4. If you are installing the system onto an existing FAT partition, specify whether you want to convert the partition to NTFS.
The files are copied, the computer restarts, and the upgrade finishes without further user intervention.



Important: When upgrading from Windows 2000 to Windows XP Professional, the upgrade cannot be reversed. Therefore, after upgrading to Windows XP Professional, the only way to return to Windows 2000 is by reinstalling the product.











Upgrading to Windows XP Professional 9 of 10

Installing Windows XP Professional in a Dual-Boot Configuration





A dual-boot configuration enables you to choose between two or more operating systems each time you start the computer. By using this type of configuration, you can run applications that are not compliant with Windows XP Professional on an existing operating system, while using Windows XP Professional for all other applications.



Important: Some operating systems, such as MS-DOS, do not recognize partitions formatted with FAT32 or NTFS file systems.



The active partition is the partition from which the computer starts, and it must be formatted with a file system that is recognized by both operating systems. For example, the active partition must be formatted with FAT when you have a dual-boot configuration with MS-DOS and Windows XP Professional, or FAT32 when you have a dual-boot configuration with Windows 98 and Windows XP Professional.

The other operating system must be installed first, and then you can install Windows XP Professional on the active partition or on another primary or extended partition.

When you choose to install Windows XP Professional on a partition other than the active partition, Windows XP Professional will copy the necessary files to start the boot process to the active partition, which is referred to as the Windows XP Professional system partition. This enables Windows XP Professional to begin the boot process. The remainder of the operating system files will be copied to the non-active partition, which is referred to as the Windows XP Professional boot partition.








Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 1 of 11

Lesson Overview





A user state on a computer consists of that user's files, operating system settings, and certain settings associated with applications. The User State Migration Tool (USMT) helps users and Information Technology (IT) professionals transfer users' files and settings to a new computer running Windows XP Professional or to a new installation of Windows XP Professional on an existing computer. You can use the USMT to transfer the user state from computers running Windows 95 or later to a computer running Windows XP Professional.

Using the USMT enables IT professionals to quickly and easily include transfer of employee files and settings as a part of operating system deployment efforts or computer replacement. Consequently, users spend little or no time reconfiguring a new operating system, or searching for lost files. Also, calls to the help desk regarding reconfiguration are reduced. The reduction in time for IT professionals, help desk staff, and users can significantly reduce the costs associated with deploying a new operating system or new computers. Additionally, using the USMT can reduce training costs and improve the user's experience with the new operating system by presenting a familiar, already configured, operating system that requires little in the way of user adjustment.

In this lesson you will learn about the following topics:
• Settings, folders, and file types transferred by default
• Using the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard
• Transferring a user state by using command-line tools
• Changing the files or settings transferred by modifying the .inf files










Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 1 of 11

Lesson Overview





A user state on a computer consists of that user's files, operating system settings, and certain settings associated with applications. The User State Migration Tool (USMT) helps users and Information Technology (IT) professionals transfer users' files and settings to a new computer running Windows XP Professional or to a new installation of Windows XP Professional on an existing computer. You can use the USMT to transfer the user state from computers running Windows 95 or later to a computer running Windows XP Professional.

Using the USMT enables IT professionals to quickly and easily include transfer of employee files and settings as a part of operating system deployment efforts or computer replacement. Consequently, users spend little or no time reconfiguring a new operating system, or searching for lost files. Also, calls to the help desk regarding reconfiguration are reduced. The reduction in time for IT professionals, help desk staff, and users can significantly reduce the costs associated with deploying a new operating system or new computers. Additionally, using the USMT can reduce training costs and improve the user's experience with the new operating system by presenting a familiar, already configured, operating system that requires little in the way of user adjustment.

In this lesson you will learn about the following topics:
• Settings, folders, and file types transferred by default
• Using the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard
• Transferring a user state by using command-line tools
• Changing the files or settings transferred by modifying the .inf files











Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 2 of 11

Settings, Folders, and File Types Transferred by Default





The following sections describe the files, folders, and settings that are transferred by default when you run the USMT. Note that by default the only application settings that are transferred are those for specific Microsoft applications. However, the USMT is fully customizable, and it is expected that most IT professionals will customize what is transferred.

Settings Transferred by Default

The following table contains the setting groups transferred by default.










Accessibility Options
Browser and Mail Settings





Display Properties
Folder and Taskbar Options





Fonts
Mouse and Keyboard Options





Network Printers and Mapped Network Drives
Regional Settings











Microsoft Office
Microsoft Excel





Microsoft Outlook®
Stored Mail and Contacts





Microsoft Word
Microsoft PowerPoint®


















Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 3 of 11

Settings, Folders, and File Types Transferred by Default





Folders Transferred by Default

The following table contains the folders transferred by default.










My Documents
Desktop





My Pictures
Favorites


















Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 4 of 11

Settings, Folders, and File Types Transferred by Default





File Types Transferred by Default

File types are defined by their extensions. Files that have the following extensions are transferred to the new My Documents folder by default.










*.ch3
*.ppt





*.csv
*.pre





*.dif
*.rqy





*.doc
*.rtf





*.dot
*.scd





*.dqy
*.sh3





*.iqy
*.txt





*.mcw
*.wpd





*.oqy
*.wps





*.pot
*.wq1





*.ppa
*.wri





*.pps
*.xls




















Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 5 of 11

Using the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard






One method to transfer a user's state is by using the Files and Settings Transfer (FAST) Wizard. This wizard enables you to transfer the user's files, folders, and settings to a new computer, or to a clean installation of Windows XP Professional on an existing computer.

The wizard method is most likely to be used when replacing or performing a new installation of Windows XP Professional on a single computer, and when end users are responsible for upgrading their own operating systems.

Because previous versions of Windows do not contain the Files and Transfer Settings Wizard, you must have access to a computer running Windows XP Professional on which you can create a wizard disk, or have access to a Windows XP Professional installation CD, which contains the wizard as a choice during Setup. The wizard enables you to collect the files and settings to be transferred. The transferred data may be saved to either a server or removable media such as a disk or a compact disc. However, depending on the amount of data transferred, you may need a very large number of disks. If possible, you should save the data to a server or a large format removable media








Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 6 of 11

Using the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard





Before beginning the transfer process to a new computer, you will need:
• A destination computer running Windows XP Professional.
• Space on a network share point to which both computers can gain access, or removable media on which to store the user's system state.
• A blank disk for the wizard, or a Windows XP Professional CD containing the wizard.
• The account name and password of the user whose state you are transferring, also called the migrating user.








Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 7 of 11

Using the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard





Using the wizard to transfer the user state to a new computer occurs in three stages; however, note that stage one occurs when you do not have access to the Windows XP Professional installation CD.
1. On the destination computer, you will log on as the migrating user, open the Files and Transfer Settings Wizard, and then create a Files and Transfer Settings Wizard disk.
2. On the source computer, you will log on as the migrating user, use the disk to run the wizard, and then store the user state on either a server or removable media.
3. On the destination computer, you will complete the wizard to transfer the user state to the new computer.



Important: This process transfers the state of only the user that is logged on. To transfer additional users' states from the same computer, you must repeat the process for each user.



During an upgrade from a previous version of Windows to Windows XP Professional, the user's state is automatically transferred, so there is no need to perform the steps in this topic.









Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 8 of 11

Transferring a User State by Using Command-Line Tools






Another way to transfer users' states is by using the command-line tools scanstate, which captures information, and loadstate, which restores or deploys information. This method can be used to transfer a single user's state, or to transfer multiple users' states. If you are deploying Windows XP Professional on more than one computer at a time, use the command-line method. When running the USMT as part of a mass installation, the scanstate and loadstate tools are included as batch files.



Note: For more information about using the command-line tools, see Chapter 7 of The Change and Configuration Management Deployment Guide in the Windows XP Professional Resource Kit.










Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 8 of 11

Transferring a User State by Using Command-Line Tools






Another way to transfer users' states is by using the command-line tools scanstate, which captures information, and loadstate, which restores or deploys information. This method can be used to transfer a single user's state, or to transfer multiple users' states. If you are deploying Windows XP Professional on more than one computer at a time, use the command-line method. When running the USMT as part of a mass installation, the scanstate and loadstate tools are included as batch files.



Note: For more information about using the command-line tools, see Chapter 7 of The Change and Configuration Management Deployment Guide in the Windows XP Professional Resource Kit.













Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 9 of 11

Transferring a User State by Using Command-Line Tools





To transfer a single user's state to a new computer by using the command-line tools, you will need:
• A server to which both the source and destination computers can gain access, and which has adequate space to save the migrating user's state.
• A source computer containing an account for the user being transferred.
• A destination computer running Windows XP Professional that does not contain a profile for the user whose state you will be transferring.
• An account with administrative privileges on the destination computer. The account cannot have the same name as the migrating user account.
• The account name and password of the user whose settings and files are to be transferred.







Transferring User Settings and Files by Using the USMT 10 of 11

Changing the Files or Settings Transferred by Modifying the .inf Files






The default file types, folders, and settings that are transferred by using the USMT can be altered or augmented by using .inf files.

If you want to add or remove file types, folders, or settings to be transferred, use Notepad to create an .inf file and save that file in the USMT/Scan folder you created on the server. You then add the name of the .inf file that you have created to the default command line when you run Scanstate.exe.

Some of the additional objects that can be transferred include files, file types, folders, and registry keys or values.

INF scripts use an object specification syntax. The syntax is:

,

Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting
Error rectify :- This is the most important part of the Hardware troubleshooting. The meaning of the troubleshooting is to rectify the trouble or the error. Which part of the hardware or the software is giving the problem and what is the solution of the problem. Defining the problems one by one is not possible since the problems are of different types and to rectify the problem and the nature of the problem is the main thing.
The most problems shown in computer hardware and software parts:
Error shown while doing setup:
Memory dump error :
1. problem in the RAM (memory),
2. due to the hard disk if the partition volume is not correct
3. the partition is not defined correctly
4. if the space of the hard disk is not sufficient
5. in sufficient Memory
solutions:
change RAM, check the hdd capacity, change hdd cable .
file cannot copy:-
1. If the coping media is corrupted
2. Defect in the CD-ROM
3. Memory problem
4. Insufficient disk space
5. Insufficient memory or memory problem
6. And there may be other devices malfunctioning
Solutions:
Change the CD, change CD-ROM, change MEMORY viewing the nature of the problems.

There can be many other problems also during the setup process the major problems are as above.
There can be different types and nature of problems after installation of Operating system. Successfully installation of the operating system is not only troubleshooting but it is just a part of trouble shooting.


If the computer is restarting frequently
Due to:
1. Device mounted at PCI slot may be malfunctioning.
2. Memory problem
3. Defected hard drive
4. Loose cables
5. Not proper connections of MASTER and SLAVE drive(if both master drive is connected with a same cable)
6. Fluctuations of power
7. Problem in operating system
8. If high memory consumption software are running (if the load is more)
9. Some defects in software reinstalling the soft wares
10. due to high resolution
11. due to software problems
The above given problems can be caused by Virus also.
Now a days we operate using advance computer system but in older computers like PI PII and even in some PIII beep a sound is played when power is given. And the beep of the computer is most probably enough to know the problem.
Single and fast beep refers to system OK
Two beep fast refers to some changes in BIOS settings
Long single beep means system is not OK some device is not working
Continuous beep defect in RAM or CPU fan is not working
When the computer is in dead state?
If the computer’s power button is pressed and with out any sounds or display the computer screen is blank then this is called dead system. To solve it first check the memory, Processor and if the problem is not solved then due to power fluctuation some components of mother boards may have been damaged.
Setup xp:
Check antivirus in BIOS is disabled. Choose the first boot device CD drive.


Problem create due to the different hardware parts or computer parts.
1. If the computer stars and run as a normal way but shut down suddenly.

a) Check smps fan is working properly. If fan is not working properly this problem may cause. Suddenly replace smps. If we again start up the computer ignoring the defects. That may cause the Board shot, Hard disk crash.
b) Another reason may be due to the thermal heat. That means due to over heat to the processor. It may cause due to processor fan is not working properly or due to the heat sink problem. We can solve the problem by applying the heat sink paste over the cpu upper parts. But if the problem is due to the defect of cpu fan, we must replace it.
c) Due the defect of RAM sometimes we have to face this type of problem. Mostly in the old model mother board, due to the conflict of MHz of RAM, this type of problem may occurs.
d) Due to the lose caballing and defect of power cable .

2. If the running computer hangs.

a) If the cpu fan is not working properly, and over heat of cpu also cause the computer hang. The solution is same as above.
b) If the operating system is not installed properly. Format and setup.
c) Due to the board problem. ( if the capacitor of the board has been soiled)
d) Due to to low memory.

3. If the computer hangs before the operating system loads.

a) The reasons may be the BIOS setting confliction. The problem can be solve by Jumper shot or board shot.
b) Due to the operating system is not properly installed. Solution will be the format and setup.

4. 4. Due to the loss of system file, and the computer will unable to load the operating system the easy solution will be the re setup. But there may be the chances of loss of data that has been saved in c: or in my documents or desktop. At those cases we can save the data by transferring data by operating the dos mode if the file system is in Fat or Fat32. If the file system is in Ntfs we can save the data by connecting the hard drive where the data are located to another computer defining that drive as a slave or master.

Troubleshoot

Troubleshooting
This portion of the exam is one that is very difficult to outline in a study guide and is where your experience is really being tested. There are far too many different errors and solutions to be written here. We have included some general troubleshooting information and common problems for various components, however, this is by no means a comprehensive list. This is where your on the job experience and work in your home lab are necessary.

Below is a list of useful tools for hardware troubleshooting:
• Standard and Phillips Screwdrivers - various sizes
• IC ROM Puller - For upgrading BIOS chips
• Multimeter - A necessary tool for troubleshooting electrical issues such as the power supply. It can also be used to do a resistance test. When performing this test make sure that the power to the system is unplugged.
Test Good reading
Speaker Resistance 8 ohms
Fuse Resistance 0 ohms
Capacitors(DC) 5V (most of them)
The following table shows the readings that you should see for various multimeter tests:




Some components of a PC are field replaceable and some are not. Common Field Replaceable Units(FRUs) are below:
• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Floppy Drive
• CDROM
• Hard Drives
• Printer
• Video Adapter
• Sound Card
• Network Card
• Motherboard
• Power Supply
• Processor
• CMOS Battery
• RAM
Beep codes vary depending on the manufacturer of the BIOS. Below are some of the common beep codes for an Award BIOS.
Beep Code Meaning
1 long System memory failure
1 long then 2 short Video controller failure
1 long then 3 short Video controller failure
Continuous Video or memory failure

Below are the IBM error code families and the component that the error code relates to:
Error Code Family Error Type
1xx System board errors
2xx Memory (RAM) errors
3xx Keyboard errors
4xx Monochrome monitor errors
5xx Color monitor errors
6xx Game control adapter errors
7xx 8087 or 80287 math coprocessor errors
9xx Parallel printer adapter errors
10xx Reserved for parallel printer adapter
11xx Asynchronous communications adapter errors
12xx Alternate asynchronous communications adapter errors
13xx Parallel printer adapter errors

• Lost BIOS password - Most newer motherboards have a jumper that can be used to clear the CMOS memory. Typically this involves opening the PC, changing the jumper to a special setting, and then booting the PC. If the memory has been cleared, you power the PC down and put the jumper back to its previous position
• System clock is not keeping correct time - This is typically caused by the CMOS battery failing or running low voltage. Usually, replacing the CMOS battery will fix this.
• System locks up consistently a few minutes after power up - This is usually associated with a failed processor fan or general overheating. Boot the system with the case off and see if the fan is running. If not, the fan and likely the processor will need to be replaced.
• System appears completely dead(no visible activity during powerup) - Check the external power cable and make sure that it is plugged into a working outlet and securely plugged into the unit. Next, make sure that the on/off switch is set to "On" and that the 115/230 switch is set to the appropriate setting for your location. Verify that the internal power connection from the power supply to the motherboard is firmly connected. A multimeter can be used to narrow determine how far the power is getting. Start at the outlet and work your way inside. Finally, remove all unnecessary components from the motherboard to see if one of them is overloading the power supply.
• Front panel lights come on and the power supply fan runs, but no other activity is present - Try swapping out the power supply. If this doesn't fix the problem, remove all unnecessary components from the motherboard to see if one of them is overloading part of the power supply.
There are 2 types of memory errors:
• Soft-memory errors - These are occasional strange behaviors that can usually be cleared by rebooting.
• Hard-memory errors - Caused by a hardware failure related to the RAM and will usually display a message on the screen or create a beep code. Can be isolated by removing memory chips 1 at a time.
• System locks up while counting RAM - Usually requires that the processor be replaced

Keyboards can have a variety of symptoms including:
No characters appearing on the screen
6 beeps on boot
A 301 error code
Keyboard is locked - Unlock It error message
Keyboard Error - Keyboard Test Failure
KB/Interface Error - Keyboard Test Failure

The most common causes for these problems is:
Incorrect keyboard type in BIOS or Windows
Keyboard not properly connected
Blown fuse in back of keyboard


Mice:
Cursor skips around or gets stuck - This is usually caused by dirt and lint inside the mouse that needs to be cleaned.
Doesn't move at all - Can be a configuration error caused by an IRQ or address conflict, conflicting device drivers loaded in autoexec.bat and config.sys or can be caused by a hardware failure. If none of these are causing it, it is likely a problem with the port on the motherboard.

Video:
• There are a variety of problems that can occur from misconfigured drivers and settings. When possible, verify that the correct drivers are loaded and check for IRQ and memory address conflicts
• Screen goes blank after a while - This is usually due to Power Management settings in the BIOS
• The screen flickers - Usually caused by the refresh rate being set too low.
• The output on the screen is garbled or looks like a bunch of moving lines - This is most often caused by setting the resolution, color depth or refresh rate at a higher level than the monitor supports. To correct this, press F8 on boot and select "Safe Mode" from the menu. Set the display settings to appropriate levels.
• No display at all and you suspect hardware - Make sure that the monitor is plugged into a working outlet. Make sure that the contrast and brightness settings have not been turned all the way down. Make sure that the monitors signal cable is properly connected to the PC and that the video card is properly seated in the slot.
Floppy Drives:
• The floppy drive will not read any disks - Check for IRQ and memory address conflicts. Make sure that the internal power cable is connected from the power supply to the drive. Verify that the FDD cable is properly connected to the motherboard and the drive and that the pin 1 orientation is correct. You can also narrow down the problem by swapping out the drive and cable one at a time to determine if the problem is with one of them.
• The system will not boot from the floppy drive but works fine after boot - This is usually caused either by a problem with the floppy or by an incorrect boot sequence in the BIOS
Hard Drives:
• Make sure that the drive is properly connected and using the correct pin 1 orientation.
• Make sure that there is only one device connected to the cable that is configured as master.
• There are a variety of problems that can occur from misconfigured settings. Verify that the correct drive settings are reflected in the BIOS settings. Common error messages that can occur when these are incorrect are "Drive Type Mismatch" and "Invalid Media Type".
• Check for IRQ and memory address conflicts in Windows.
• The system will not boot. If booting from a floppy, the drive can be accessed from a DOS prompt - This usually indicates that the boot files are missing or corrupt. Change directories to the A drive(with the boot disk inserted) and type SYS C: to restore the boot files.
• From a DOS prompt, you receive a "Boot Disk Failure" or "Missing ROM Basic Interpreter" error message when trying to view the contents of the hard drive - Try restoring the master boot record by using the FDISK utility as follows: FDISK /MBR.
• If all configuration settings are correct and the drive cannot be accessed after booting with a boot disk and an "Invalid Drive" or Invalid Drive Specification" error message appears, the disk will need to be formatted and reconfigured.
• If the EIDE or IDE controller is dead and is hardwired to the system board, an IDE or EIDE controller expansion card can be used without having to replace the motherboard.
• If it is a SCSI drive, make sure that the hard drive is using a unique SCSI ID on its chain and that proper terminiation is in place.
CD-ROMS:
• Make sure that the drive is properly connected and using the correct pin 1 orientation.
• Make sure that there is only one device connected to the cable that is configured as master.
• Make sure that the drive is configured correctly in the autoexec.bat for a line similar to C:\MSCDEX.EXE /D:mscd001 /L:%CDROM% and config.sys for one like device=aspicd.sys /D:mscd001.
• If the CD tray has become jammed and will not open, use a paperclip or other long thin item into the tray release access hole.
• If the EIDE or IDE controller is dead and is hardwired to the system board, an IDE or EIDE controller expansion card can be used without having to replace the motherboard.
• If no sound is heard when playing a CD, make sure that the sound card is properly configured and that the cable is connected between the CD-ROM and the sound card.
• "Data error reading drive C:" or "Sector not found" error messages consistently occur - This is typically caused by a dirty drive that needs to be cleaned.
Modems:
• Check for I/O and IRQ conflicts
• You may need to configure a modem initialization string using the AT Command Set.
• Check configuration settings such as disabling call waiting or dialing a 9 first for an outside line.
• Refer to ISP instructions for advanced configuration options such as flow control, parity, etc.
• Make sure that the correct driver is loaded for the modem.
• As with any component, make sure that it is properly seated and all cables are correctly attached.

Networking

Types of operating system
Network operating system windows XP professional, server 2000 and 2003
Desktop operating system windows XP
Server operating system Server 2000, server 2003
Client operating system windows XP professional

Network
Peer to peer network:-
Networks that are arranged in the form of peer logically or physically are known as peer to peer Network. The network under the WORKGROUP model is also known as peer to peer.

Server client Network:-
Network using a server and the rest are connected to a server is called server client model Network. Server is a computer called as resource provider and the rest are client which uses the provided resources by server.
Network classes
0-255. 0-255. 0-255. 0-255
W X y Z

Classes Value of W example Host ID subnet mask
A 1-127 10.254.253.1 xyz 225.0.0.0
B 128-191 129.254.253.2 yz 255.255.0.0
C 192-233 192.168.0.1 z 255.255.255.0
D 224-239 224.239.253.1 Multicasting system (video call)
E 240-254 241.252.253.1 Reserved for experiential use

Here the network means the value shown by 255 and the value shown by 0 is Host
Notes:
Look back address- this address is used for same computer (127.0.0.1)
If we ping this ip this ping the same computer or the own computer.
About class c
192.168.0.0 this IP is not used as Network ID
192.168.0.255 this IP also cannot be used this is used for broadcasting.

Class B
131.1.0.0 and 131.5.255.255 this types of IP cannot be used
Note for all IP
The starting and the ending IP of any class cannot be used in network. This types of IP is not acceptable by the network adapters.
Most used Network commands
Ping- this command is used to find if there is connection between the computers in the network.
Syntax ping 192.168.0.1
The result given by this command is called ECHO.
Ipconfig : this command is used for to look the IP and other related information about the Network and the adapter.
Network devices
Cable:- cables are used as the medium of connection. Most probably used cables CAT5 and CAT 6.
RJ45:- this is the jack used at the tip of the cables.
NIC:- This is the device used to make the connection between the computers. With out NIC Network is not possible. The full form of NIC is “Network Interface Card” NIC is also called as LAN card LAN means Local Area Network.
Hub:- This is the network device which helps in connecting more than 2 computers. We can find many ports in this device where we can connect the RJ45.
Switch:- This type of network device is used in the network where the mass numbers of computers are used and it also make the network signal strong.
Router:- This is the special device for the network. This type is device mostly used for the network where there is two types of network. Example you have your own home network running 6 computers and you are connecting internet and in this case mostly routers are used since these devices are power full and can make the signals more strong.
Cable configuration
Straight (same on both sides) cross cable
Orange white-----------------------------------------green white
Orange------------------------------------------------green
Green white-------------------------------------------orange white
Blue-------------------------------------------------------blue
Blue white-----------------------------------------------blue white
Green-------------------------------------------------------orange
Brown -----------------------------------------------------brown
Brown white---------------------------------------------brown white

Note straight cables both end should be the same and for the cross cable you should make one end as straight given above and the next as the cross given above.(the above given cable structure is the world standard but you can make your own straight and cross cables).
For networking after you make the perfect cable and connect to each other.
Now right click on Network Connection and select properties.





New window appears and you can see network connection



Right click on the Local area connection and select properties you can see the following screen;











Now select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click properties tab and you can see the following screen











Now select use the following IP address and assign the IP Manually when assigning the IP you should assign the IP of same class and same range. Eg: 192.168.0.1, 192.168.0.2.192.168.0.200 etc.

Hardwere&Networking

HARDWARE AND NETWORKING.
COURSE OF STUDY
• FUNDAMENTALS
• COMPUTER PARTS
• ELECTRONICS
• ASSEMBLING
• MS DOS
• FORMAT, SETUP (both from command prompt and direct from bootable cd.)
• SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
• TROUBLESHOOTING
• NETWORKING

1. FUNDAMENTALS

a)HARDWARE: Hardware is the maintenance of physical parts of the computer and software troubleshooting.

Architech of computer.

Any machine that does three things: accepts structured input, processes it according to prescribed rules, and produces the results as output. Computers can be categorized by,


ALU
AIRTHMATIC AND LOGICAL UNIT

CPU
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITS

MEMORY UNIT
RAM-Random access Memory
ROM-Read Only Memory


SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE

HARD DISK
FLOPPY DISK


COMPUTER:

Class Computers can be classified as supercomputers, mainframes, superminicomputers, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All other things (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, such a categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.
Generation First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, were those in which integrated circuits replaced transistors. Fourth-generation computers, appearing in the mid-1970s, are those, such as microcomputers, in which large-scale integration (LSI) enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration (VLSI) with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.
Mode of processing Computers are either analog or digital. Analog computers, generally used in scientific pursuits, represent values by continuously variable signals that can have any of an infinite number of values within a limited range at any particular time. Digital computers, the type most people think of as computers, represent values by discrete signals-the bits representing the binary digits 0 and 1.


TYPES OF COMPUTER:
mainframe computer

A high-level computer designed for the most intensive computational tasks. Mainframe computers are often shared by multiple users connected to the computer by terminals.


microcomputer
A computer built around a single-chip microprocessor. Less powerful than minicomputers and mainframes, microcomputers have nevertheless evolved into very powerful machines capable of complex tasks. Technology has progressed so quickly that state-of-the-art microcomputers are as powerful as mainframe computers of only a few years ago, at a fraction of the cost.

minicomputer
A mid-level computer built to perform complex computations while dealing efficiently with a high level of input and output from users connected via terminals. Minicomputers also frequently connect to other minicomputers on a network and distribute processing among all the attached machines. Minicomputers are used heavily in transaction-processing applications and as interfaces between mainframe computer systems and wide area networks.

supercomputer
A large, extremely fast, and expensive computer used for complex or sophisticated calculations.

front type

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND NETWORKING

PENTASOFT, MID-BANESHWORE

Mobil no : 9841077101








By, Raj kumar Rai
Mobile no: 9841077101

Computer's Elecronics

ELECTRONICS:

• Electrons
• Conductors
• Resistance
• Diode
• Transistors
• IC
• Capacitors
• Transformer


1. Electrons

A component of atom having negative charged represent by e-. The metallic substance that have affability of electron in outermost orbital is used to carry and pass the data from one place to another.

2. Conductors:

Substance that transfer the electrons from one position to another. i.e., heat, electricity can be transmitted through conductors.
TYPE OF CONDUCTORS
• Good Conductors- Metal like silver, copper, aluminum
• Conductor- alloys like melanin
• Poor conductors- graphite and electrolyte
• Semiconductor- Germanium and silicon

3. Resistance

The ability to impede (resist) the flow of electric current. With the exception of superconductors, all substances have a greater or lesser degree of resistance. Substances with very low resistance, such as metals, conduct electricity well and are called conductors. Substances with very high resistance, such as glass and rubber, conduct electricity poorly and are called nonconductors or insulators. Resistance is denoted by ‘R’ and its unit is ohm (Ω)


4. Diode

A device that passes current in only one direction. A diode is usually a semiconductor.

5. Transistors:

Short for transfer resistor. A solid-state circuit component, usually with three leads, that can serve many functions, including those of amplifier, switch, and oscillator. The transistor is a fundamental component of almost all modern electronics. The main functions of three leads are,

a) Amplifier: The state in which the switching device flow maximum possible current.
b) Switch: Permanent connection to establishe link or route between two parties.
c) Oscillator: Electric circuit that provide a periodically varying output at a controlled frequency.


6. IC :

Short form for the Integrated circuit.
A device consisting of a number of connected circuit elements, such as transistors and resistors, fabricated on a single chip of silicon crystal or other semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are categorized by the number of elements they contain.

Small-scale integration (SSI) fewer than 10
medium-scale integration (MSI) 10-100
Large-scale integration (LSI) 100-5,000
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) 5,000-50,000
super-large-scale integration (SLSI) 50,000-100,000
Ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) more than 100,000


7. Capacitor :

A circuit component that provides a known amount of capacitance (ability to store an electric charge). A capacitor typically consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating (dielectric) material. If other factors remain constant, capacitance increases as the plates are made larger or brought closer together. A capacitor blocks direct current but passes alternating current to an extent that depends on its capacitance and on the frequency of the current.



8. Transformer:

A device used to change the voltage of an alternating current signal or to change the impedance of an alternating current circuit.

Computer parts

2) Computer Parts.

• Casing
• Smps (System Monitoring Power Supply)
• Motherboard
• Cpu (central processing unit)
• Cpu Fan
• Ram (random access memory)
• Optical drive (cd-rom, dvd rom)
• Pci card (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
• Agp (Accelerate Graphic Port)
• Isa (Industry Standard Architech)
• Battery
• Hard disk
• Floppy drive


1. Casing:

Casing is the like a box, where we could assemble our different computer parts. Casing is differentiate as AT or ATX according to the SMPS fit in there. Generally Casing contains the Smps, Power button, Reset button along with the cables.

2. SMPS (System Monitoring Power Supply)

An electrical device that transforms standard wall outlet electricity (115–220 volts AC) into the lower voltages (typically 5 to 12 volts DC) required by computer systems. Personal computer power supplies are rated by wattage; they usually range from about 90 watts at the low end through 250 watts at the high end.

Types of Smps:
a)AT Smps
b)ATx smps

a) AT Smps-
AT Smps generally fit in AT Casing. AT Smps contains 12 pin hold connect to different colours of different volt.

Pin No. Colour Volt
1 Orange 3.3v
2 Red 5v
3 Yellow 12v
4 Blue -12v
5 Black 0
6 Black 0
7 Black 0
8 Black 0
9 White -5v
10 Red 5v
11 Red 5v
12 Red 5v

ATX Smps-
ATX smps generally fit on ATX casing. ATX casing generally contains 20 pins or 24 pin hold connect to different colours of different volts.

Pin no. Colour Volts
1 Orange 3.3v
2 Orange 3.3v
3 Black 0v
4 Red 5v
5 Black 0
6 Red 5v
7 Black 0
8 Gray PowerOK
9 Purple 5vSB
10 Blue 12v
11 Orange 3.3v
12 Blue -12v
13 Black 0
14 Brown PS-on
15 Black 0
16 Black 0
17 Black 0
18 White -5v
19 Red +5v
20 Red +5v

The Four extra Pin Holds are defined as below.

Pin Definition

Pin Signal
1 GND
2 GND
3 12v
4 12v

3. Mother Board:

Logical board: Another name for motherboard or processor board. The term was used in conjunction with older computers to distinguish the video board (analog board) from the motherboard.



The main circuit board containing the primary components of a computer system. This board contains the processor, main memory, support circuitry, and bus controller and connector. Other boards, including expansion memory and input/output boards, may attach to the motherboard via the bus connector. There is a number of Bus line or Bus route through which the data transfer in a bus speed.
Along these different mother board contains the different slots. They are pointed as below.

A) PCI- Peripheral Component Interconnect
B) AGP-Accelerated Graphics Port
C) ISA-Industry Standard Architecture

a)PCI local Bus- Short for Peripheral Component Interconnect local bus. A specification introduced by Intel Corporation that defines a local bus system for a computer built to the PCI specification. The PCI local bus allows up to 10 PCI-compliant expansion cards to be installed in the computer. A PCI local bus system requires the presence of a PCI controller card, which must be installed in one of the PCI-compliant slots. Optionally, an expansion bus controller for the system's ISA, EISA, or Micro Channel Architecture slots can be installed as well, providing increased synchronization over all the system's bus-installed resources. The PCI controller can exchange data with the system's CPU either 32 bits or 64 bits at a time, depending on the implementation, and it allows intelligent, PCI-compliant adapters to perform tasks concurrently with the CPU using a technique called bus mastering. The PCI specification allows for multiplexing, a technique that permits more than one electrical signal to be present on the bus at one time.

b)AGP- Acronym for Accelerated Graphics Port, a high-performance bus specification designed fast, high-quality display 3D and video images. Developed by Intel Corporation, AGP uses a dedicated point-to-point connection between the graphics controller and main system memory. This connection enables AGP-capable display adapters and compatible chip sets to transfer video data directly between system memory and adapter memory, to display images more quickly and smoothly than they can be when the information must be transferred over the system’s primary (PCI) bus. AGP also allows for storing complex image elements such as texture maps in system memory and thus reduces the need for large amounts of memory on the adapter itself. AGP runs at 66 MHz—twice as fast as the PCI bus—and can support data transfer speeds up to 533 Mb per second.

c)ISA- Acronym for Industry Standard Architecture. A bus design specification that allows components to be added as cards plugged into standard expansion slots in IBM Personal Computers and compatibles. Originally introduced in the IBM PC/XT with an 8-bit data path, ISA was expanded in 1984, when IBM introduced the PC/AT, to permit a 16-bit data path. A 16-bit ISA slot actually consists of two separate 8-bit slots mounted end-to-end so that a single 16-bit card plugs into both slots. An 8-bit expansion card can be inserted and used in a 16-bit slot (it occupies only one of the two slots), but a 16-bit expansion card cannot be used in an 8-bit slot.


#To differentiate the different slot.

A) PCI slot-shortest than the AGP and ISA slot and mostly lies between the AGP and ISA slot.
B) AGP slot- Mostly closer to the CPU and slightly longer than the PCI slot.
C) ISA slot- Far from the CPU and longest than that of PCI and AGP slot.

4. CPU (Central Processing Unit)



The computational and control unit of a computer. The central processing unit is the device that interprets and executes instructions. Mainframes and early minicomputers contained circuit boards full of integrated circuits that implemented the central processing unit. Single-chip central processing units, called microprocessors, made possible personal computers and workstations. The CPU—or microprocessor, in the case of a microcomputer—has the ability to fetch, decode, and execute instructions and to transfer information to and from other resources over the computer's main data-transfer path, the bus. By definition, the CPU is the chip that functions as the "brain" of a computer. In some instances, however, the term encompasses both the processor and the computer's memory or, even more broadly, the main computer console (as opposed to peripheral equipment)

A central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip. A modern microprocessor can have over 1 million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that is roughly 1 inch square. Microprocessors are at the heart of all personal computers. When memory and power are added to a microprocessor, all the pieces, excluding peripherals, required for a computer are present.

5. CPU Fan.

The cooling fan which is fixed over the processor. The main function of the processor fan is to prevent processor from heat. The paste heat sink is coated between the cpu and fan to make the processor for the long period. 12 v id required for the fan to move which is provide from the motherboard.


6. Ram (Random Access Memory)
Acronym for random access memory. Semiconductor-based memory that can be read and written by the CPU or other hardware devices. The storage locations can be accessed in any order. Note that the various types of ROM memory are capable of random access, but cannot be written to. The term RAM, however, is generally understood to refer to volatile memory that can be written to as well as read.

Types of RAM:
a)SD Ram- 13 cm memory where there are two gap at the base level of the Ram.

b) DDR Ram- 13 Cm memory where there is one gap at the base level of the RAM which is located at the 7 cm of the memory.

c) DDR2 Ram- 13 Cm memory where there is one gap at the base level of the RAM which is located at the 7.3 cm of the memory.

7. Optical Drive:

A disk drive that reads and often can write data on optical discs. Examples of optical drives include CD-ROM drive, CD-RW(read and write), Combo (cd -rw+dvd read), DvD RAM (Dvd read and Write).

8. BATTERY:

Two or more cells in a container that produces an electrical current when two electrodes within the container touch an electrolyte. In personal computers, batteries are used as an auxiliary source of power when the main power is shut off; as a power source for laptop and notebook computers (rechargeable batteries, such as nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and lithium ion, are used); and as a method to keep the internal clock and the circuitry that is responsible for the part of RAM that stores important system information always powered up.

9. HARD DISK:

A device containing one or more inflexible platters coated with material in which data can be recorded magnetically, together with their read/write heads, the head-positioning mechanism, and the spindle motor in a sealed case that protects against outside contaminants. The protected environment allows the heads to fly 10 to 25 millionths of an inch above the surfaces of platters rotating typically at 3600 rpm; therefore, much more data can be stored and accessed much more quickly than on a floppy disk. Most hard disks contain from two to eight platters. Also called hard disk drive.

10. FLOPPY Drive:

A round piece of flexible plastic film coated with ferric oxide particles that can hold a magnetic field. When placed inside a disk drive, the floppy disk rotates to bring different areas, or sectors, of the disk surface under the drive's read/write head, which can detect and alter the orientation of the particles' magnetic fields to represent binary 1s and 0s. A floppy disk 5.25 inches in diameter is encased in a flexible plastic jacket and has a large hole in the center, which fits around a spindle in the disk drive; such a disk can hold from a few hundred thousand to over one million bytes of data. A 3.5-inch disk encased in rigid plastic is also called a floppy disk or a microfloppy disk. In addition, 8-inch floppy disks were common in DEC and other minicomputer systems




MS DOS-

Acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System. A single-tasking, single-user operating system with a command-line interface, released in 1981 for IBM and IBM-compatible computers. MS-DOS, like other operating systems, oversees operations such as disk input and output, video support, keyboard control, and many internal functions related to program execution and file maintenance.

MS DOS is the command-line interface. Language used in MS DOS is call syntax. We can create, Rename, Delete, copy files from one drive to another drive by using commanding syntax. Along these we can Format the drive and easily convert the file system (FAT to NTFS) by using the commanding syntax.



BIOS:

Acronym for basic input/output system. On PC-compatible computers, the set of essential software routines that test hardware at startup, start the operating system, and support the transfer of data among hardware devices. The BIOS is stored in read-only memory (ROM) so that it can be executed when the computer is turned on. Although critical to performance, the BIOS is usually invisible to computer users.

To enter to the BIOS we can press the Del button after the computer starts. (note: there may be the different button to enter the bios according to the Mother-Board, for eg : mostly F2 button is used to enter to the bios in pin less board). We can change the configuration according to our requirement through the bios.








Formatting and setup by using win-XP bootable Disk.

There are different ways to formatting the drive. By using xp Bootable disk its easy and appropriate way to format the drive and setup.

Steps:
• Press del button before the computer starts to enter to the bios.
• Then go to the ‘Advance Bios configuration’ or ‘Boot’.
• Select the ‘First Boot Device’ as CD rom and press enter.
• Press F10 to save the current settings and exit.
• After that insert the XP bootable disk and restart the computer to let the computer boot from the cd.
• Then the computer displays, ‘press any key to boot from cd’
• Press any key and the computer starts to boot after inspecting the hardware configuration.
• Then the bootable cd automatically load the drivers.
• After that the computer displays the drives which we want to format. For eg: c:,d:,e: .
• Then there are the option
1. Leave the current operating operating system.
2. Format the drive in FAT file system quickly.
3. Format the drive in NTFS file system quickly.
4. Format the drive in FAT file system.
5. Format the drive in NTFS file system.
• Choose the option according to the requirement.
• Then select the drive and press enter, and press F to format and to continue format press enter or esc to escape.
• Then the drive will be formatted and the computer start to copying the files. After completing the copying the file the computer starts to reboot automatically.
• Then the computer again displays ‘Press any key to boot from cd’ the time don’t press any key.
• Then the computer automatically starts to setup the Win-XP.
• A window like wizard displays as….


• Collection
Information
• Dynamic
Update
• Preparing
Installation
• Installing
Windows
• Finalizing Installation
Setup will complete in approximately
39 Minutes.

Installing Network




• After the setup complete. The computer automatically setup the dotnet, apply the personal settings and themes.
• Then take out the win-xp bootable disk and insert the Mother board cd.
• XP supports the auto-run and brows the cd and displays the uninstalled drivers.
• Then check-in the box which we want to installed the driver like diver of Audio, VGA,etc. and press enter to continue the driver installation.
• After the driver will installed the computer restarted automatically.
• After all the driver will installed the setup completes.
• Then we have to installed the required softwares.

Microsoft word(winwor)

Microsoft word
1, File menu:-
New (ctrl+N)
Open (ctrl+N)
Close
Save as
Save (ctrl+N)
Webpage preview
Page setup
Print preview (ctrl+f2)
Print (ctrl+N)
2, Edit menu:-
Undo highlight (ctrl+N)
Repeat doc close (ctrl+N)
Office clipboard
Paste (ctrl+N)
Paste special
Clear:-Formats:-Contents Del
Select all (ctrl+N)
Find (ctrl+N)
Replace (ctrl+N)
Go to (ctrl+N)
3, View menu:-
Normal
Web layout
Print layout
Outline
Task pane
Toolbars:-Standard, Drawin, Wortarts, etc tools
Ruler: - Document map, Header and footer, Makup, Full screen
4, Insert menu:-
Break
Date time
Auto feat
Field
Symbol
Comment
Reference:-Footnote, Caption, Cross refrenc, Index&table
Picture: - Clipart, from file, from, scanner&camera, organization chart, new drawing, autoshapes, wort, chart
Diagram
Text box
File
Object
Bookmarks
Hyperlink
5, Format menu:-
Font
Paragraph
Bullets numbering
Border shading
Columns
Tabs
Change case
Drop cap
Background:-More colors&fillefects
Them
Frames:-Table of contents in frames
New frames page
Auto format
Sthle&formatting
Reveal formatting
6, Tools menu:-
Spelling rammer
Language
Fix broken text
Word count
Autosumarize
Speech
Track changes (ctrl+shift+E)
Compane&merge documents
Protect document
Online collaboration:-meet now, schedule meeting, web discussions
Letter mailings:-Mail merges wizard, show mail merge, toolbar, envelopes&labels, letter wizard
Tools on the web
Macro:-Macros (Alt+f8)
Record new macro
Sedulity
Visual basic editor (Alt+F11)
Microsoft script editor (Alt+shift+F11):-template&add-ins, auto correct options, fustomize, option
Table menu:-
Draw table
Insert:-Table
Delta
Select
Table auto format
Auto fit
Convert
Sort
Formula
Show gridlines
Window:-New window, arrange all, split, document.

Excel

Telicome Bill sheet
100 call minimum charge,Rs 200
>100 per|call charge Rs 3.25 excess call Telicome tax subtotal's 5%
sn Name Teliphone no previwous month Total Excess call Subtotal Tax Billamount Remarks
1 Dhan b d r Rai 14622883 150 200 100 525 26.25 551.25

stuctures :-Total=Curentmonth-previewousmonth
Excesscall:-=if(totall>=100,totall-100)
Subtotal:-=200+excesscall*3.25
Telicome tax:-=subtotall*5%
Billamount:-=subtotall+tax

2, marksheet
other knowledge:-=today shift()enter. sn english Math Scince Social Population Nepali Education Geography Total Persontage Result Division Remarks
Method lookes today date&time. 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 256 32 pass 2nd
stuctures:- Total=sum(select all subjects)enter
Persontage:-=total/all subjects)enter
Result:-=if(and(english>=32,math>=32,scince>=32,population>=32,nepali>=32,education>=32,geography>=32),"pass","fail")enter
Division:-=if(persontage>=60,"1st",if(and(persontage60,persontage<45,persontage),"2nd",if(and(persontage<45,persontage>=32),"3rd",no division")))enter
Remarks:-=if(division="1st","excelence",if(division="2nd","well",if(division="3rd","good","tryagain")))enter

3,Eletronic Bills
Pradhikaran facilities:- 20Unit minimum charge Rs 80
21-250 per|unit Rs 7.25>250 per|unit Rs 9.90
sn Name Cutommer no Previousmonth Curentmonth Total unit Bill amount
1 Ghanashyam 1254 150 300 150 1022.5

stuctures:-Total:-=Curentmonth-previeousmonth
Billamount:-=if(Total<20,80,if(total<=250,(Total-20)*7.25+80,if(total>250,(total-250)*9.90+(250-20)*7.25+80)))enter

4, General Bills Office facilities:- 2% Discount
sn Particulars Queentity Rate Amount Discount BillAmount
1 Pattato 5 5 25 0.5 24.5
2 Apple 10 70 700 14 686
3 Rice 25 50 1250 25 1225
4 Biscut 5 80 400 8 392
5 Jeera 4 90 360 7.2 352.8
6 Sugar 25 36 900 18 882
Stucture:-Amount=Queetity*Rate
Discount:-=Total*Discount
BillAmount:-=Amount-Discount

Basic computer

# Basic course
1,Fundamental of computer
2,Window-2003
3,Typing(T.T)Tuter
4,Typesala
5,Word pad
6,Ms-word
7,Ms-Excel
8,Multimiedia
9,Powerpoint
10,E-mail,Internet
11,Project work(practices)
# Office package course
1,Basic course (all)
2,Akobe pagemaker 7.0
3,Microsoft Dos
4,Typing English&Nepali
5,Using Floppy or diskettes
6,Virus scaning
# Graphic Desining
1,Adobe pagemaker
2,Adobe photo shop
3,Freehand
4,Project(Practies)

# Diploma in computer's cource
1,Fundamental of compute
2,M.s office program
3,Software installation
4,Ms-Access
5,Virus scanig
6,M.s photo shop
7,Dos window utility
8,Tally
9,Project work(practice)
# Advance Diploma
1,Office pakage
2,Accounting pakage
3,Graphic Desining
4,M.s Access
5,Basic hardware
6,Net-working
# Advance Graphic Design
1,Adobe pagemaker
2,Adobe pagemaker
3,Adobe image Ready
4,Core draw
5,Freehand



Microsoft powerpoint:-
1, File:-(Ctrl+N)
Open(Ctrl+o)
Close
Save(ctrl+s)
Save as web page
Search
Pack and go
Webpage preview
Page setup
Print preview
PRint(ctrl+p)
Send to:-Mailrecipient\forrever,Mail recipient,Excharge folder,Microsoft word,property
2 , Edit menu:-
Undo cat(ctrl+z)
Reapeat properties(ctrl+Y)
Office clipboard
Paste(ctrl+v)
Select all(ctrl+A)
Fine(ctrl+)
Paste speacil
Delete slide
Replace(ctrl+H)
3,Veiw menu:-
Normal
slide sorter
slide show(ctrl+f5)
Note page
Master:-slide maste,mandout master,not maste
Color\Greyscable:-Color,Grayscate,pure black and white
Task pane
Toolbars:-castomice,visual basic,Picture,standard,farmating,drawing,autoshap,tables and border,revision pane,rular,grid and guider,header and footer,zoom
4, Insert menu:-
New slide(ctrl+n)
duplicate slide
slide number
Date and time
Coment
Slide from file
Slides from out line
Picture:-Clipart,from scanner ar camera,new photoalbum,organization chart,
Autoshapes
Wordart
5, Formate menu:-
Font
Alignment:- Align left(ctrl+L),center(ctrl+E),Align right(ctrl+r)
Replace fonts
slide desin
slide layout
Background
6, Tolls:-
Spelling and Grammer f7)
Language
Commpare and merge presentations
Online collaboration:- Meet now,schedulemeeting,web Discussions
Meeting minder
Tools on the web
Macro:- Macro (alt+f8)
Record new macro
Sequrity
Visual Basic editor (alt+f11)
Macrosoft scrpt editor (alt+shift+f11)
Customize
option
Add-ins
7, Slide show :- View show f5)
Setup show
Rehearse timings
Online Broad cast-Record and save a broadcast,Schedule alive broadcast,Start live broadcast now,settings,Action buttons,Animation cchemds,custom animation,slide transition,hide slide,custom shows
8, Window menu:-
New window
Arrange all
Cascade
Next pane f6
Telicome Bill sheet
100 call minimum charge,Rs 200
>100 per|call charge Rs 3.25 excess call Telicome tax subtotal's 5%
sn Name Teliphone no previwous month Total Excess call Subtotal Tax Billamount Remarks
1 Dhan b d r Rai 14622883 150 200 100 525 26.25 551.25

stuctures :-Total=Curentmonth-previewousmonth
Excesscall:-=if(totall>=100,totall-100)
Subtotal:-=200+excesscall*3.25
Telicome tax:-=subtotall*5%
Billamount:-=subtotall+tax

2, marksheet
other knowledge:-=today shift()enter. sn english Math Scince Social Population Nepali Education Geography Total Persontage Result Division Remarks
Method lookes today date&time. 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 256 32 pass 2nd
stuctures:- Total=sum(select all subjects)enter
Persontage:-=total/all subjects)enter
Result:-=if(and(english>=32,math>=32,scince>=32,population>=32,nepali>=32,education>=32,geography>=32),"pass","fail")enter
Division:-=if(persontage>=60,"1st",if(and(persontage60,persontage<45,persontage),"2nd",if(and(persontage<45,persontage>=32),"3rd",no division")))enter
Remarks:-=if(division="1st","excelence",if(division="2nd","well",if(division="3rd","good","tryagain")))enter

3,Eletronic Bills
Pradhikaran facilities:- 20Unit minimum charge Rs 80
21-250 per|unit Rs 7.25>250 per|unit Rs 9.90
sn Name Cutommer no Previousmonth Curentmonth Total unit Bill amount
1 Ghanashyam 1254 150 300 150 1022.5

stuctures:-Total:-=Curentmonth-previeousmonth
Billamount:-=if(Total<20,80,if(total<=250,(Total-20)*7.25+80,if(total>250,(total-250)*9.90+(250-20)*7.25+80)))enter

4, General Bills Office facilities:- 2% Discount
sn Particulars Queentity Rate Amount Discount BillAmount
1 Pattato 5 5 25 0.5 24.5
2 Apple 10 70 700 14 686
3 Rice 25 50 1250 25 1225
4 Biscut 5 80 400 8 392
5 Jeera 4 90 360 7.2 352.8
6 Sugar 25 36 900 18 882
Stucture:-Amount=Queetity*Rate
Discount:-=Total*Discount
BillAmount:-=Amount-Discount

rai job

rajesh hamal performing at KTV Film Award.mov
www.youtube.com

rai job

नायिका अरुणिमा लम्साललाई आजभोलि नशा निक्कै चढ्न थालेको छ । तर मदिरा नै सेवन नगरी लाग्यो यो कस्तो नशा हो भनेर अरुणिमा परिवार त चिन्तित छन् नै साथिसागी नि चिन्तित हुन थालेका छन् । केही यो अरुणिमाको सिनेमा दिपशिखा फल्प भएको परीणाम भन्न थालेका छन् केही यो पारिवारिक तनाव हो भन्न पनि पछि परेका छैनन् ।

rai job

Rajesh Hamal (born June 9, 1964 in Tansen, Nepal) is a Nepali actor. Rajesh Hamal studied at St.Xavier s School till the eight grade.His father was a diplomat as such he partly went to college in Moscow and finished his M.A.in English from Punjab University,India.Even though he has Masters in English, Hamal hardly or reclines from talking in English preferring his native tongue Nepali, during his interviews. As a child,Rajesh Hamal used to collect badges with pins. Now, he buys books on film making.He Fell in love at age 17 with a 22-year-old Indian girl. It was serious. The affair lasted for nearly three years. Later, her parents married her off to someone else. He was and is still single because in the first 10 years of his film career, he didn't have much time for anything else. He doesn't think that he ought to get married because he feels he is not of marrying age. He feels quite comfortable being single.Till today he doesn't mention his ex-girlfriend as he thinks she belongs in the heart of somebody else and that he would be shaming her by reminiscing about their past love.Rajesh Hamal in his college years first modeled for Fashion Net, an Indian fashion magazine in 1985; walked the ramp in Kathmandu and New Delhi in 1986.He made his debut into the Nepalese Film Industry in 1990 in "Yug Dekhi Yug Samma", a film made by his my uncle. Initially,his parents were disappointed with his career choice. In one year, on an average, he works on 10 to 12 films. The maximum was 16 films in 1994. Till date he has worked in over 177 Nepali films and one Pakistani movie.In 1994,director Tulsi Ghimire's film "Deuta" shot Rajesh Hamal into super-stardom.Due to his extremely busy schedule he admits that he doesn't get time to see his own movies these days.As being the top actor of Nepali film industry, Hamal is a driven profit margin for producers - once he appears in a movie, it is bound to rock the box office.In context of the Nepalese film industry, which has market constraints, every director thinks that no movie can see the day without roping Rajesh Hamal into their project. He has been also criticized for not changing his looks to the need of the characters in the film. His long hair, which has long remained as his unique trademark, has been overlooked by the producer saying the Nepalese audience like him in long hair, so much so that he has been characterized as a cop with long hair.At leisure Rajesh Hamal likes watch the news on BBC, CNN and other news channels, read non-fiction books and biographies. He is inspired by the teachings of H.H.14TH Dalai Lama and is very supportive of the cause for improving the lives of oppressed Tibetans in Tibet-occupied China,as well as the Tibetan refugees scenario in Nepal and India. Rajesh Hamal is said to like to think, look back and look ahead at his life.He believes in the natural cause of law and effect "Karma." Rajesh Hamal's pet dog is named 'Johnny' after being awed by the role of Johnny Depp as Captain Jck Sparrow.He is deeply inspired by the late actor,Marlon Brando,and was said to have said that his character in "on the Waterfront" would be his choice of movie if it were to be remade in Nepalese.He is afraid of heights,he is an acrobatics. For a recent movie scene, he couldn't bungee jump and so he had the stuntman fill in the scene. On another occasion,during a fight scene,his sword fell of it's hilt and knocked four teeth of the cameraman. He is planning to get into the movie-making business in dual roles as Director and Actor.