Troubleshooting
Error rectify :- This is the most important part of the Hardware troubleshooting. The meaning of the troubleshooting is to rectify the trouble or the error. Which part of the hardware or the software is giving the problem and what is the solution of the problem. Defining the problems one by one is not possible since the problems are of different types and to rectify the problem and the nature of the problem is the main thing.
The most problems shown in computer hardware and software parts:
Error shown while doing setup:
Memory dump error :
1. problem in the RAM (memory),
2. due to the hard disk if the partition volume is not correct
3. the partition is not defined correctly
4. if the space of the hard disk is not sufficient
5. in sufficient Memory
solutions:
change RAM, check the hdd capacity, change hdd cable .
file cannot copy:-
1. If the coping media is corrupted
2. Defect in the CD-ROM
3. Memory problem
4. Insufficient disk space
5. Insufficient memory or memory problem
6. And there may be other devices malfunctioning
Solutions:
Change the CD, change CD-ROM, change MEMORY viewing the nature of the problems.
There can be many other problems also during the setup process the major problems are as above.
There can be different types and nature of problems after installation of Operating system. Successfully installation of the operating system is not only troubleshooting but it is just a part of trouble shooting.
If the computer is restarting frequently
Due to:
1. Device mounted at PCI slot may be malfunctioning.
2. Memory problem
3. Defected hard drive
4. Loose cables
5. Not proper connections of MASTER and SLAVE drive(if both master drive is connected with a same cable)
6. Fluctuations of power
7. Problem in operating system
8. If high memory consumption software are running (if the load is more)
9. Some defects in software reinstalling the soft wares
10. due to high resolution
11. due to software problems
The above given problems can be caused by Virus also.
Now a days we operate using advance computer system but in older computers like PI PII and even in some PIII beep a sound is played when power is given. And the beep of the computer is most probably enough to know the problem.
Single and fast beep refers to system OK
Two beep fast refers to some changes in BIOS settings
Long single beep means system is not OK some device is not working
Continuous beep defect in RAM or CPU fan is not working
When the computer is in dead state?
If the computer’s power button is pressed and with out any sounds or display the computer screen is blank then this is called dead system. To solve it first check the memory, Processor and if the problem is not solved then due to power fluctuation some components of mother boards may have been damaged.
Setup xp:
Check antivirus in BIOS is disabled. Choose the first boot device CD drive.
Problem create due to the different hardware parts or computer parts.
1. If the computer stars and run as a normal way but shut down suddenly.
a) Check smps fan is working properly. If fan is not working properly this problem may cause. Suddenly replace smps. If we again start up the computer ignoring the defects. That may cause the Board shot, Hard disk crash.
b) Another reason may be due to the thermal heat. That means due to over heat to the processor. It may cause due to processor fan is not working properly or due to the heat sink problem. We can solve the problem by applying the heat sink paste over the cpu upper parts. But if the problem is due to the defect of cpu fan, we must replace it.
c) Due the defect of RAM sometimes we have to face this type of problem. Mostly in the old model mother board, due to the conflict of MHz of RAM, this type of problem may occurs.
d) Due to the lose caballing and defect of power cable .
2. If the running computer hangs.
a) If the cpu fan is not working properly, and over heat of cpu also cause the computer hang. The solution is same as above.
b) If the operating system is not installed properly. Format and setup.
c) Due to the board problem. ( if the capacitor of the board has been soiled)
d) Due to to low memory.
3. If the computer hangs before the operating system loads.
a) The reasons may be the BIOS setting confliction. The problem can be solve by Jumper shot or board shot.
b) Due to the operating system is not properly installed. Solution will be the format and setup.
4. 4. Due to the loss of system file, and the computer will unable to load the operating system the easy solution will be the re setup. But there may be the chances of loss of data that has been saved in c: or in my documents or desktop. At those cases we can save the data by transferring data by operating the dos mode if the file system is in Fat or Fat32. If the file system is in Ntfs we can save the data by connecting the hard drive where the data are located to another computer defining that drive as a slave or master.
Sunday, October 10, 2010
Troubleshoot
Troubleshooting
This portion of the exam is one that is very difficult to outline in a study guide and is where your experience is really being tested. There are far too many different errors and solutions to be written here. We have included some general troubleshooting information and common problems for various components, however, this is by no means a comprehensive list. This is where your on the job experience and work in your home lab are necessary.
Below is a list of useful tools for hardware troubleshooting:
• Standard and Phillips Screwdrivers - various sizes
• IC ROM Puller - For upgrading BIOS chips
• Multimeter - A necessary tool for troubleshooting electrical issues such as the power supply. It can also be used to do a resistance test. When performing this test make sure that the power to the system is unplugged.
Test Good reading
Speaker Resistance 8 ohms
Fuse Resistance 0 ohms
Capacitors(DC) 5V (most of them)
The following table shows the readings that you should see for various multimeter tests:
Some components of a PC are field replaceable and some are not. Common Field Replaceable Units(FRUs) are below:
• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Floppy Drive
• CDROM
• Hard Drives
• Printer
• Video Adapter
• Sound Card
• Network Card
• Motherboard
• Power Supply
• Processor
• CMOS Battery
• RAM
Beep codes vary depending on the manufacturer of the BIOS. Below are some of the common beep codes for an Award BIOS.
Beep Code Meaning
1 long System memory failure
1 long then 2 short Video controller failure
1 long then 3 short Video controller failure
Continuous Video or memory failure
Below are the IBM error code families and the component that the error code relates to:
Error Code Family Error Type
1xx System board errors
2xx Memory (RAM) errors
3xx Keyboard errors
4xx Monochrome monitor errors
5xx Color monitor errors
6xx Game control adapter errors
7xx 8087 or 80287 math coprocessor errors
9xx Parallel printer adapter errors
10xx Reserved for parallel printer adapter
11xx Asynchronous communications adapter errors
12xx Alternate asynchronous communications adapter errors
13xx Parallel printer adapter errors
• Lost BIOS password - Most newer motherboards have a jumper that can be used to clear the CMOS memory. Typically this involves opening the PC, changing the jumper to a special setting, and then booting the PC. If the memory has been cleared, you power the PC down and put the jumper back to its previous position
• System clock is not keeping correct time - This is typically caused by the CMOS battery failing or running low voltage. Usually, replacing the CMOS battery will fix this.
• System locks up consistently a few minutes after power up - This is usually associated with a failed processor fan or general overheating. Boot the system with the case off and see if the fan is running. If not, the fan and likely the processor will need to be replaced.
• System appears completely dead(no visible activity during powerup) - Check the external power cable and make sure that it is plugged into a working outlet and securely plugged into the unit. Next, make sure that the on/off switch is set to "On" and that the 115/230 switch is set to the appropriate setting for your location. Verify that the internal power connection from the power supply to the motherboard is firmly connected. A multimeter can be used to narrow determine how far the power is getting. Start at the outlet and work your way inside. Finally, remove all unnecessary components from the motherboard to see if one of them is overloading the power supply.
• Front panel lights come on and the power supply fan runs, but no other activity is present - Try swapping out the power supply. If this doesn't fix the problem, remove all unnecessary components from the motherboard to see if one of them is overloading part of the power supply.
There are 2 types of memory errors:
• Soft-memory errors - These are occasional strange behaviors that can usually be cleared by rebooting.
• Hard-memory errors - Caused by a hardware failure related to the RAM and will usually display a message on the screen or create a beep code. Can be isolated by removing memory chips 1 at a time.
• System locks up while counting RAM - Usually requires that the processor be replaced
Keyboards can have a variety of symptoms including:
No characters appearing on the screen
6 beeps on boot
A 301 error code
Keyboard is locked - Unlock It error message
Keyboard Error - Keyboard Test Failure
KB/Interface Error - Keyboard Test Failure
The most common causes for these problems is:
Incorrect keyboard type in BIOS or Windows
Keyboard not properly connected
Blown fuse in back of keyboard
Mice:
Cursor skips around or gets stuck - This is usually caused by dirt and lint inside the mouse that needs to be cleaned.
Doesn't move at all - Can be a configuration error caused by an IRQ or address conflict, conflicting device drivers loaded in autoexec.bat and config.sys or can be caused by a hardware failure. If none of these are causing it, it is likely a problem with the port on the motherboard.
Video:
• There are a variety of problems that can occur from misconfigured drivers and settings. When possible, verify that the correct drivers are loaded and check for IRQ and memory address conflicts
• Screen goes blank after a while - This is usually due to Power Management settings in the BIOS
• The screen flickers - Usually caused by the refresh rate being set too low.
• The output on the screen is garbled or looks like a bunch of moving lines - This is most often caused by setting the resolution, color depth or refresh rate at a higher level than the monitor supports. To correct this, press F8 on boot and select "Safe Mode" from the menu. Set the display settings to appropriate levels.
• No display at all and you suspect hardware - Make sure that the monitor is plugged into a working outlet. Make sure that the contrast and brightness settings have not been turned all the way down. Make sure that the monitors signal cable is properly connected to the PC and that the video card is properly seated in the slot.
Floppy Drives:
• The floppy drive will not read any disks - Check for IRQ and memory address conflicts. Make sure that the internal power cable is connected from the power supply to the drive. Verify that the FDD cable is properly connected to the motherboard and the drive and that the pin 1 orientation is correct. You can also narrow down the problem by swapping out the drive and cable one at a time to determine if the problem is with one of them.
• The system will not boot from the floppy drive but works fine after boot - This is usually caused either by a problem with the floppy or by an incorrect boot sequence in the BIOS
Hard Drives:
• Make sure that the drive is properly connected and using the correct pin 1 orientation.
• Make sure that there is only one device connected to the cable that is configured as master.
• There are a variety of problems that can occur from misconfigured settings. Verify that the correct drive settings are reflected in the BIOS settings. Common error messages that can occur when these are incorrect are "Drive Type Mismatch" and "Invalid Media Type".
• Check for IRQ and memory address conflicts in Windows.
• The system will not boot. If booting from a floppy, the drive can be accessed from a DOS prompt - This usually indicates that the boot files are missing or corrupt. Change directories to the A drive(with the boot disk inserted) and type SYS C: to restore the boot files.
• From a DOS prompt, you receive a "Boot Disk Failure" or "Missing ROM Basic Interpreter" error message when trying to view the contents of the hard drive - Try restoring the master boot record by using the FDISK utility as follows: FDISK /MBR.
• If all configuration settings are correct and the drive cannot be accessed after booting with a boot disk and an "Invalid Drive" or Invalid Drive Specification" error message appears, the disk will need to be formatted and reconfigured.
• If the EIDE or IDE controller is dead and is hardwired to the system board, an IDE or EIDE controller expansion card can be used without having to replace the motherboard.
• If it is a SCSI drive, make sure that the hard drive is using a unique SCSI ID on its chain and that proper terminiation is in place.
CD-ROMS:
• Make sure that the drive is properly connected and using the correct pin 1 orientation.
• Make sure that there is only one device connected to the cable that is configured as master.
• Make sure that the drive is configured correctly in the autoexec.bat for a line similar to C:\MSCDEX.EXE /D:mscd001 /L:%CDROM% and config.sys for one like device=aspicd.sys /D:mscd001.
• If the CD tray has become jammed and will not open, use a paperclip or other long thin item into the tray release access hole.
• If the EIDE or IDE controller is dead and is hardwired to the system board, an IDE or EIDE controller expansion card can be used without having to replace the motherboard.
• If no sound is heard when playing a CD, make sure that the sound card is properly configured and that the cable is connected between the CD-ROM and the sound card.
• "Data error reading drive C:" or "Sector not found" error messages consistently occur - This is typically caused by a dirty drive that needs to be cleaned.
Modems:
• Check for I/O and IRQ conflicts
• You may need to configure a modem initialization string using the AT Command Set.
• Check configuration settings such as disabling call waiting or dialing a 9 first for an outside line.
• Refer to ISP instructions for advanced configuration options such as flow control, parity, etc.
• Make sure that the correct driver is loaded for the modem.
• As with any component, make sure that it is properly seated and all cables are correctly attached.
This portion of the exam is one that is very difficult to outline in a study guide and is where your experience is really being tested. There are far too many different errors and solutions to be written here. We have included some general troubleshooting information and common problems for various components, however, this is by no means a comprehensive list. This is where your on the job experience and work in your home lab are necessary.
Below is a list of useful tools for hardware troubleshooting:
• Standard and Phillips Screwdrivers - various sizes
• IC ROM Puller - For upgrading BIOS chips
• Multimeter - A necessary tool for troubleshooting electrical issues such as the power supply. It can also be used to do a resistance test. When performing this test make sure that the power to the system is unplugged.
Test Good reading
Speaker Resistance 8 ohms
Fuse Resistance 0 ohms
Capacitors(DC) 5V (most of them)
The following table shows the readings that you should see for various multimeter tests:
Some components of a PC are field replaceable and some are not. Common Field Replaceable Units(FRUs) are below:
• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Floppy Drive
• CDROM
• Hard Drives
• Printer
• Video Adapter
• Sound Card
• Network Card
• Motherboard
• Power Supply
• Processor
• CMOS Battery
• RAM
Beep codes vary depending on the manufacturer of the BIOS. Below are some of the common beep codes for an Award BIOS.
Beep Code Meaning
1 long System memory failure
1 long then 2 short Video controller failure
1 long then 3 short Video controller failure
Continuous Video or memory failure
Below are the IBM error code families and the component that the error code relates to:
Error Code Family Error Type
1xx System board errors
2xx Memory (RAM) errors
3xx Keyboard errors
4xx Monochrome monitor errors
5xx Color monitor errors
6xx Game control adapter errors
7xx 8087 or 80287 math coprocessor errors
9xx Parallel printer adapter errors
10xx Reserved for parallel printer adapter
11xx Asynchronous communications adapter errors
12xx Alternate asynchronous communications adapter errors
13xx Parallel printer adapter errors
• Lost BIOS password - Most newer motherboards have a jumper that can be used to clear the CMOS memory. Typically this involves opening the PC, changing the jumper to a special setting, and then booting the PC. If the memory has been cleared, you power the PC down and put the jumper back to its previous position
• System clock is not keeping correct time - This is typically caused by the CMOS battery failing or running low voltage. Usually, replacing the CMOS battery will fix this.
• System locks up consistently a few minutes after power up - This is usually associated with a failed processor fan or general overheating. Boot the system with the case off and see if the fan is running. If not, the fan and likely the processor will need to be replaced.
• System appears completely dead(no visible activity during powerup) - Check the external power cable and make sure that it is plugged into a working outlet and securely plugged into the unit. Next, make sure that the on/off switch is set to "On" and that the 115/230 switch is set to the appropriate setting for your location. Verify that the internal power connection from the power supply to the motherboard is firmly connected. A multimeter can be used to narrow determine how far the power is getting. Start at the outlet and work your way inside. Finally, remove all unnecessary components from the motherboard to see if one of them is overloading the power supply.
• Front panel lights come on and the power supply fan runs, but no other activity is present - Try swapping out the power supply. If this doesn't fix the problem, remove all unnecessary components from the motherboard to see if one of them is overloading part of the power supply.
There are 2 types of memory errors:
• Soft-memory errors - These are occasional strange behaviors that can usually be cleared by rebooting.
• Hard-memory errors - Caused by a hardware failure related to the RAM and will usually display a message on the screen or create a beep code. Can be isolated by removing memory chips 1 at a time.
• System locks up while counting RAM - Usually requires that the processor be replaced
Keyboards can have a variety of symptoms including:
No characters appearing on the screen
6 beeps on boot
A 301 error code
Keyboard is locked - Unlock It error message
Keyboard Error - Keyboard Test Failure
KB/Interface Error - Keyboard Test Failure
The most common causes for these problems is:
Incorrect keyboard type in BIOS or Windows
Keyboard not properly connected
Blown fuse in back of keyboard
Mice:
Cursor skips around or gets stuck - This is usually caused by dirt and lint inside the mouse that needs to be cleaned.
Doesn't move at all - Can be a configuration error caused by an IRQ or address conflict, conflicting device drivers loaded in autoexec.bat and config.sys or can be caused by a hardware failure. If none of these are causing it, it is likely a problem with the port on the motherboard.
Video:
• There are a variety of problems that can occur from misconfigured drivers and settings. When possible, verify that the correct drivers are loaded and check for IRQ and memory address conflicts
• Screen goes blank after a while - This is usually due to Power Management settings in the BIOS
• The screen flickers - Usually caused by the refresh rate being set too low.
• The output on the screen is garbled or looks like a bunch of moving lines - This is most often caused by setting the resolution, color depth or refresh rate at a higher level than the monitor supports. To correct this, press F8 on boot and select "Safe Mode" from the menu. Set the display settings to appropriate levels.
• No display at all and you suspect hardware - Make sure that the monitor is plugged into a working outlet. Make sure that the contrast and brightness settings have not been turned all the way down. Make sure that the monitors signal cable is properly connected to the PC and that the video card is properly seated in the slot.
Floppy Drives:
• The floppy drive will not read any disks - Check for IRQ and memory address conflicts. Make sure that the internal power cable is connected from the power supply to the drive. Verify that the FDD cable is properly connected to the motherboard and the drive and that the pin 1 orientation is correct. You can also narrow down the problem by swapping out the drive and cable one at a time to determine if the problem is with one of them.
• The system will not boot from the floppy drive but works fine after boot - This is usually caused either by a problem with the floppy or by an incorrect boot sequence in the BIOS
Hard Drives:
• Make sure that the drive is properly connected and using the correct pin 1 orientation.
• Make sure that there is only one device connected to the cable that is configured as master.
• There are a variety of problems that can occur from misconfigured settings. Verify that the correct drive settings are reflected in the BIOS settings. Common error messages that can occur when these are incorrect are "Drive Type Mismatch" and "Invalid Media Type".
• Check for IRQ and memory address conflicts in Windows.
• The system will not boot. If booting from a floppy, the drive can be accessed from a DOS prompt - This usually indicates that the boot files are missing or corrupt. Change directories to the A drive(with the boot disk inserted) and type SYS C: to restore the boot files.
• From a DOS prompt, you receive a "Boot Disk Failure" or "Missing ROM Basic Interpreter" error message when trying to view the contents of the hard drive - Try restoring the master boot record by using the FDISK utility as follows: FDISK /MBR.
• If all configuration settings are correct and the drive cannot be accessed after booting with a boot disk and an "Invalid Drive" or Invalid Drive Specification" error message appears, the disk will need to be formatted and reconfigured.
• If the EIDE or IDE controller is dead and is hardwired to the system board, an IDE or EIDE controller expansion card can be used without having to replace the motherboard.
• If it is a SCSI drive, make sure that the hard drive is using a unique SCSI ID on its chain and that proper terminiation is in place.
CD-ROMS:
• Make sure that the drive is properly connected and using the correct pin 1 orientation.
• Make sure that there is only one device connected to the cable that is configured as master.
• Make sure that the drive is configured correctly in the autoexec.bat for a line similar to C:\MSCDEX.EXE /D:mscd001 /L:%CDROM% and config.sys for one like device=aspicd.sys /D:mscd001.
• If the CD tray has become jammed and will not open, use a paperclip or other long thin item into the tray release access hole.
• If the EIDE or IDE controller is dead and is hardwired to the system board, an IDE or EIDE controller expansion card can be used without having to replace the motherboard.
• If no sound is heard when playing a CD, make sure that the sound card is properly configured and that the cable is connected between the CD-ROM and the sound card.
• "Data error reading drive C:" or "Sector not found" error messages consistently occur - This is typically caused by a dirty drive that needs to be cleaned.
Modems:
• Check for I/O and IRQ conflicts
• You may need to configure a modem initialization string using the AT Command Set.
• Check configuration settings such as disabling call waiting or dialing a 9 first for an outside line.
• Refer to ISP instructions for advanced configuration options such as flow control, parity, etc.
• Make sure that the correct driver is loaded for the modem.
• As with any component, make sure that it is properly seated and all cables are correctly attached.
Networking
Types of operating system
Network operating system windows XP professional, server 2000 and 2003
Desktop operating system windows XP
Server operating system Server 2000, server 2003
Client operating system windows XP professional
Network
Peer to peer network:-
Networks that are arranged in the form of peer logically or physically are known as peer to peer Network. The network under the WORKGROUP model is also known as peer to peer.
Server client Network:-
Network using a server and the rest are connected to a server is called server client model Network. Server is a computer called as resource provider and the rest are client which uses the provided resources by server.
Network classes
0-255. 0-255. 0-255. 0-255
W X y Z
Classes Value of W example Host ID subnet mask
A 1-127 10.254.253.1 xyz 225.0.0.0
B 128-191 129.254.253.2 yz 255.255.0.0
C 192-233 192.168.0.1 z 255.255.255.0
D 224-239 224.239.253.1 Multicasting system (video call)
E 240-254 241.252.253.1 Reserved for experiential use
Here the network means the value shown by 255 and the value shown by 0 is Host
Notes:
Look back address- this address is used for same computer (127.0.0.1)
If we ping this ip this ping the same computer or the own computer.
About class c
192.168.0.0 this IP is not used as Network ID
192.168.0.255 this IP also cannot be used this is used for broadcasting.
Class B
131.1.0.0 and 131.5.255.255 this types of IP cannot be used
Note for all IP
The starting and the ending IP of any class cannot be used in network. This types of IP is not acceptable by the network adapters.
Most used Network commands
Ping- this command is used to find if there is connection between the computers in the network.
Syntax ping 192.168.0.1
The result given by this command is called ECHO.
Ipconfig : this command is used for to look the IP and other related information about the Network and the adapter.
Network devices
Cable:- cables are used as the medium of connection. Most probably used cables CAT5 and CAT 6.
RJ45:- this is the jack used at the tip of the cables.
NIC:- This is the device used to make the connection between the computers. With out NIC Network is not possible. The full form of NIC is “Network Interface Card” NIC is also called as LAN card LAN means Local Area Network.
Hub:- This is the network device which helps in connecting more than 2 computers. We can find many ports in this device where we can connect the RJ45.
Switch:- This type of network device is used in the network where the mass numbers of computers are used and it also make the network signal strong.
Router:- This is the special device for the network. This type is device mostly used for the network where there is two types of network. Example you have your own home network running 6 computers and you are connecting internet and in this case mostly routers are used since these devices are power full and can make the signals more strong.
Cable configuration
Straight (same on both sides) cross cable
Orange white-----------------------------------------green white
Orange------------------------------------------------green
Green white-------------------------------------------orange white
Blue-------------------------------------------------------blue
Blue white-----------------------------------------------blue white
Green-------------------------------------------------------orange
Brown -----------------------------------------------------brown
Brown white---------------------------------------------brown white
Note straight cables both end should be the same and for the cross cable you should make one end as straight given above and the next as the cross given above.(the above given cable structure is the world standard but you can make your own straight and cross cables).
For networking after you make the perfect cable and connect to each other.
Now right click on Network Connection and select properties.
New window appears and you can see network connection
Right click on the Local area connection and select properties you can see the following screen;
Now select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click properties tab and you can see the following screen
Now select use the following IP address and assign the IP Manually when assigning the IP you should assign the IP of same class and same range. Eg: 192.168.0.1, 192.168.0.2.192.168.0.200 etc.
Network operating system windows XP professional, server 2000 and 2003
Desktop operating system windows XP
Server operating system Server 2000, server 2003
Client operating system windows XP professional
Network
Peer to peer network:-
Networks that are arranged in the form of peer logically or physically are known as peer to peer Network. The network under the WORKGROUP model is also known as peer to peer.
Server client Network:-
Network using a server and the rest are connected to a server is called server client model Network. Server is a computer called as resource provider and the rest are client which uses the provided resources by server.
Network classes
0-255. 0-255. 0-255. 0-255
W X y Z
Classes Value of W example Host ID subnet mask
A 1-127 10.254.253.1 xyz 225.0.0.0
B 128-191 129.254.253.2 yz 255.255.0.0
C 192-233 192.168.0.1 z 255.255.255.0
D 224-239 224.239.253.1 Multicasting system (video call)
E 240-254 241.252.253.1 Reserved for experiential use
Here the network means the value shown by 255 and the value shown by 0 is Host
Notes:
Look back address- this address is used for same computer (127.0.0.1)
If we ping this ip this ping the same computer or the own computer.
About class c
192.168.0.0 this IP is not used as Network ID
192.168.0.255 this IP also cannot be used this is used for broadcasting.
Class B
131.1.0.0 and 131.5.255.255 this types of IP cannot be used
Note for all IP
The starting and the ending IP of any class cannot be used in network. This types of IP is not acceptable by the network adapters.
Most used Network commands
Ping- this command is used to find if there is connection between the computers in the network.
Syntax ping 192.168.0.1
The result given by this command is called ECHO.
Ipconfig : this command is used for to look the IP and other related information about the Network and the adapter.
Network devices
Cable:- cables are used as the medium of connection. Most probably used cables CAT5 and CAT 6.
RJ45:- this is the jack used at the tip of the cables.
NIC:- This is the device used to make the connection between the computers. With out NIC Network is not possible. The full form of NIC is “Network Interface Card” NIC is also called as LAN card LAN means Local Area Network.
Hub:- This is the network device which helps in connecting more than 2 computers. We can find many ports in this device where we can connect the RJ45.
Switch:- This type of network device is used in the network where the mass numbers of computers are used and it also make the network signal strong.
Router:- This is the special device for the network. This type is device mostly used for the network where there is two types of network. Example you have your own home network running 6 computers and you are connecting internet and in this case mostly routers are used since these devices are power full and can make the signals more strong.
Cable configuration
Straight (same on both sides) cross cable
Orange white-----------------------------------------green white
Orange------------------------------------------------green
Green white-------------------------------------------orange white
Blue-------------------------------------------------------blue
Blue white-----------------------------------------------blue white
Green-------------------------------------------------------orange
Brown -----------------------------------------------------brown
Brown white---------------------------------------------brown white
Note straight cables both end should be the same and for the cross cable you should make one end as straight given above and the next as the cross given above.(the above given cable structure is the world standard but you can make your own straight and cross cables).
For networking after you make the perfect cable and connect to each other.
Now right click on Network Connection and select properties.
New window appears and you can see network connection
Right click on the Local area connection and select properties you can see the following screen;
Now select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click properties tab and you can see the following screen
Now select use the following IP address and assign the IP Manually when assigning the IP you should assign the IP of same class and same range. Eg: 192.168.0.1, 192.168.0.2.192.168.0.200 etc.
Hardwere&Networking
HARDWARE AND NETWORKING.
COURSE OF STUDY
• FUNDAMENTALS
• COMPUTER PARTS
• ELECTRONICS
• ASSEMBLING
• MS DOS
• FORMAT, SETUP (both from command prompt and direct from bootable cd.)
• SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
• TROUBLESHOOTING
• NETWORKING
1. FUNDAMENTALS
a)HARDWARE: Hardware is the maintenance of physical parts of the computer and software troubleshooting.
Architech of computer.
Any machine that does three things: accepts structured input, processes it according to prescribed rules, and produces the results as output. Computers can be categorized by,
ALU
AIRTHMATIC AND LOGICAL UNIT
CPU
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITS
MEMORY UNIT
RAM-Random access Memory
ROM-Read Only Memory
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE
HARD DISK
FLOPPY DISK
COMPUTER:
Class Computers can be classified as supercomputers, mainframes, superminicomputers, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All other things (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, such a categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.
Generation First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, were those in which integrated circuits replaced transistors. Fourth-generation computers, appearing in the mid-1970s, are those, such as microcomputers, in which large-scale integration (LSI) enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration (VLSI) with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.
Mode of processing Computers are either analog or digital. Analog computers, generally used in scientific pursuits, represent values by continuously variable signals that can have any of an infinite number of values within a limited range at any particular time. Digital computers, the type most people think of as computers, represent values by discrete signals-the bits representing the binary digits 0 and 1.
TYPES OF COMPUTER:
mainframe computer
A high-level computer designed for the most intensive computational tasks. Mainframe computers are often shared by multiple users connected to the computer by terminals.
microcomputer
A computer built around a single-chip microprocessor. Less powerful than minicomputers and mainframes, microcomputers have nevertheless evolved into very powerful machines capable of complex tasks. Technology has progressed so quickly that state-of-the-art microcomputers are as powerful as mainframe computers of only a few years ago, at a fraction of the cost.
minicomputer
A mid-level computer built to perform complex computations while dealing efficiently with a high level of input and output from users connected via terminals. Minicomputers also frequently connect to other minicomputers on a network and distribute processing among all the attached machines. Minicomputers are used heavily in transaction-processing applications and as interfaces between mainframe computer systems and wide area networks.
supercomputer
A large, extremely fast, and expensive computer used for complex or sophisticated calculations.
COURSE OF STUDY
• FUNDAMENTALS
• COMPUTER PARTS
• ELECTRONICS
• ASSEMBLING
• MS DOS
• FORMAT, SETUP (both from command prompt and direct from bootable cd.)
• SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
• TROUBLESHOOTING
• NETWORKING
1. FUNDAMENTALS
a)HARDWARE: Hardware is the maintenance of physical parts of the computer and software troubleshooting.
Architech of computer.
Any machine that does three things: accepts structured input, processes it according to prescribed rules, and produces the results as output. Computers can be categorized by,
ALU
AIRTHMATIC AND LOGICAL UNIT
CPU
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITS
MEMORY UNIT
RAM-Random access Memory
ROM-Read Only Memory
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE
HARD DISK
FLOPPY DISK
COMPUTER:
Class Computers can be classified as supercomputers, mainframes, superminicomputers, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All other things (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, such a categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.
Generation First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, were those in which integrated circuits replaced transistors. Fourth-generation computers, appearing in the mid-1970s, are those, such as microcomputers, in which large-scale integration (LSI) enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration (VLSI) with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.
Mode of processing Computers are either analog or digital. Analog computers, generally used in scientific pursuits, represent values by continuously variable signals that can have any of an infinite number of values within a limited range at any particular time. Digital computers, the type most people think of as computers, represent values by discrete signals-the bits representing the binary digits 0 and 1.
TYPES OF COMPUTER:
mainframe computer
A high-level computer designed for the most intensive computational tasks. Mainframe computers are often shared by multiple users connected to the computer by terminals.
microcomputer
A computer built around a single-chip microprocessor. Less powerful than minicomputers and mainframes, microcomputers have nevertheless evolved into very powerful machines capable of complex tasks. Technology has progressed so quickly that state-of-the-art microcomputers are as powerful as mainframe computers of only a few years ago, at a fraction of the cost.
minicomputer
A mid-level computer built to perform complex computations while dealing efficiently with a high level of input and output from users connected via terminals. Minicomputers also frequently connect to other minicomputers on a network and distribute processing among all the attached machines. Minicomputers are used heavily in transaction-processing applications and as interfaces between mainframe computer systems and wide area networks.
supercomputer
A large, extremely fast, and expensive computer used for complex or sophisticated calculations.
front type
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND NETWORKING
PENTASOFT, MID-BANESHWORE
Mobil no : 9841077101
By, Raj kumar Rai
Mobile no: 9841077101
PENTASOFT, MID-BANESHWORE
Mobil no : 9841077101
By, Raj kumar Rai
Mobile no: 9841077101
Computer's Elecronics
ELECTRONICS:
• Electrons
• Conductors
• Resistance
• Diode
• Transistors
• IC
• Capacitors
• Transformer
1. Electrons
A component of atom having negative charged represent by e-. The metallic substance that have affability of electron in outermost orbital is used to carry and pass the data from one place to another.
2. Conductors:
Substance that transfer the electrons from one position to another. i.e., heat, electricity can be transmitted through conductors.
TYPE OF CONDUCTORS
• Good Conductors- Metal like silver, copper, aluminum
• Conductor- alloys like melanin
• Poor conductors- graphite and electrolyte
• Semiconductor- Germanium and silicon
3. Resistance
The ability to impede (resist) the flow of electric current. With the exception of superconductors, all substances have a greater or lesser degree of resistance. Substances with very low resistance, such as metals, conduct electricity well and are called conductors. Substances with very high resistance, such as glass and rubber, conduct electricity poorly and are called nonconductors or insulators. Resistance is denoted by ‘R’ and its unit is ohm (Ω)
4. Diode
A device that passes current in only one direction. A diode is usually a semiconductor.
5. Transistors:
Short for transfer resistor. A solid-state circuit component, usually with three leads, that can serve many functions, including those of amplifier, switch, and oscillator. The transistor is a fundamental component of almost all modern electronics. The main functions of three leads are,
a) Amplifier: The state in which the switching device flow maximum possible current.
b) Switch: Permanent connection to establishe link or route between two parties.
c) Oscillator: Electric circuit that provide a periodically varying output at a controlled frequency.
6. IC :
Short form for the Integrated circuit.
A device consisting of a number of connected circuit elements, such as transistors and resistors, fabricated on a single chip of silicon crystal or other semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are categorized by the number of elements they contain.
Small-scale integration (SSI) fewer than 10
medium-scale integration (MSI) 10-100
Large-scale integration (LSI) 100-5,000
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) 5,000-50,000
super-large-scale integration (SLSI) 50,000-100,000
Ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) more than 100,000
7. Capacitor :
A circuit component that provides a known amount of capacitance (ability to store an electric charge). A capacitor typically consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating (dielectric) material. If other factors remain constant, capacitance increases as the plates are made larger or brought closer together. A capacitor blocks direct current but passes alternating current to an extent that depends on its capacitance and on the frequency of the current.
8. Transformer:
A device used to change the voltage of an alternating current signal or to change the impedance of an alternating current circuit.
• Electrons
• Conductors
• Resistance
• Diode
• Transistors
• IC
• Capacitors
• Transformer
1. Electrons
A component of atom having negative charged represent by e-. The metallic substance that have affability of electron in outermost orbital is used to carry and pass the data from one place to another.
2. Conductors:
Substance that transfer the electrons from one position to another. i.e., heat, electricity can be transmitted through conductors.
TYPE OF CONDUCTORS
• Good Conductors- Metal like silver, copper, aluminum
• Conductor- alloys like melanin
• Poor conductors- graphite and electrolyte
• Semiconductor- Germanium and silicon
3. Resistance
The ability to impede (resist) the flow of electric current. With the exception of superconductors, all substances have a greater or lesser degree of resistance. Substances with very low resistance, such as metals, conduct electricity well and are called conductors. Substances with very high resistance, such as glass and rubber, conduct electricity poorly and are called nonconductors or insulators. Resistance is denoted by ‘R’ and its unit is ohm (Ω)
4. Diode
A device that passes current in only one direction. A diode is usually a semiconductor.
5. Transistors:
Short for transfer resistor. A solid-state circuit component, usually with three leads, that can serve many functions, including those of amplifier, switch, and oscillator. The transistor is a fundamental component of almost all modern electronics. The main functions of three leads are,
a) Amplifier: The state in which the switching device flow maximum possible current.
b) Switch: Permanent connection to establishe link or route between two parties.
c) Oscillator: Electric circuit that provide a periodically varying output at a controlled frequency.
6. IC :
Short form for the Integrated circuit.
A device consisting of a number of connected circuit elements, such as transistors and resistors, fabricated on a single chip of silicon crystal or other semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are categorized by the number of elements they contain.
Small-scale integration (SSI) fewer than 10
medium-scale integration (MSI) 10-100
Large-scale integration (LSI) 100-5,000
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) 5,000-50,000
super-large-scale integration (SLSI) 50,000-100,000
Ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) more than 100,000
7. Capacitor :
A circuit component that provides a known amount of capacitance (ability to store an electric charge). A capacitor typically consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating (dielectric) material. If other factors remain constant, capacitance increases as the plates are made larger or brought closer together. A capacitor blocks direct current but passes alternating current to an extent that depends on its capacitance and on the frequency of the current.
8. Transformer:
A device used to change the voltage of an alternating current signal or to change the impedance of an alternating current circuit.
Computer parts
2) Computer Parts.
• Casing
• Smps (System Monitoring Power Supply)
• Motherboard
• Cpu (central processing unit)
• Cpu Fan
• Ram (random access memory)
• Optical drive (cd-rom, dvd rom)
• Pci card (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
• Agp (Accelerate Graphic Port)
• Isa (Industry Standard Architech)
• Battery
• Hard disk
• Floppy drive
1. Casing:
Casing is the like a box, where we could assemble our different computer parts. Casing is differentiate as AT or ATX according to the SMPS fit in there. Generally Casing contains the Smps, Power button, Reset button along with the cables.
2. SMPS (System Monitoring Power Supply)
An electrical device that transforms standard wall outlet electricity (115–220 volts AC) into the lower voltages (typically 5 to 12 volts DC) required by computer systems. Personal computer power supplies are rated by wattage; they usually range from about 90 watts at the low end through 250 watts at the high end.
Types of Smps:
a)AT Smps
b)ATx smps
a) AT Smps-
AT Smps generally fit in AT Casing. AT Smps contains 12 pin hold connect to different colours of different volt.
Pin No. Colour Volt
1 Orange 3.3v
2 Red 5v
3 Yellow 12v
4 Blue -12v
5 Black 0
6 Black 0
7 Black 0
8 Black 0
9 White -5v
10 Red 5v
11 Red 5v
12 Red 5v
ATX Smps-
ATX smps generally fit on ATX casing. ATX casing generally contains 20 pins or 24 pin hold connect to different colours of different volts.
Pin no. Colour Volts
1 Orange 3.3v
2 Orange 3.3v
3 Black 0v
4 Red 5v
5 Black 0
6 Red 5v
7 Black 0
8 Gray PowerOK
9 Purple 5vSB
10 Blue 12v
11 Orange 3.3v
12 Blue -12v
13 Black 0
14 Brown PS-on
15 Black 0
16 Black 0
17 Black 0
18 White -5v
19 Red +5v
20 Red +5v
The Four extra Pin Holds are defined as below.
Pin Definition
Pin Signal
1 GND
2 GND
3 12v
4 12v
3. Mother Board:
Logical board: Another name for motherboard or processor board. The term was used in conjunction with older computers to distinguish the video board (analog board) from the motherboard.
The main circuit board containing the primary components of a computer system. This board contains the processor, main memory, support circuitry, and bus controller and connector. Other boards, including expansion memory and input/output boards, may attach to the motherboard via the bus connector. There is a number of Bus line or Bus route through which the data transfer in a bus speed.
Along these different mother board contains the different slots. They are pointed as below.
A) PCI- Peripheral Component Interconnect
B) AGP-Accelerated Graphics Port
C) ISA-Industry Standard Architecture
a)PCI local Bus- Short for Peripheral Component Interconnect local bus. A specification introduced by Intel Corporation that defines a local bus system for a computer built to the PCI specification. The PCI local bus allows up to 10 PCI-compliant expansion cards to be installed in the computer. A PCI local bus system requires the presence of a PCI controller card, which must be installed in one of the PCI-compliant slots. Optionally, an expansion bus controller for the system's ISA, EISA, or Micro Channel Architecture slots can be installed as well, providing increased synchronization over all the system's bus-installed resources. The PCI controller can exchange data with the system's CPU either 32 bits or 64 bits at a time, depending on the implementation, and it allows intelligent, PCI-compliant adapters to perform tasks concurrently with the CPU using a technique called bus mastering. The PCI specification allows for multiplexing, a technique that permits more than one electrical signal to be present on the bus at one time.
b)AGP- Acronym for Accelerated Graphics Port, a high-performance bus specification designed fast, high-quality display 3D and video images. Developed by Intel Corporation, AGP uses a dedicated point-to-point connection between the graphics controller and main system memory. This connection enables AGP-capable display adapters and compatible chip sets to transfer video data directly between system memory and adapter memory, to display images more quickly and smoothly than they can be when the information must be transferred over the system’s primary (PCI) bus. AGP also allows for storing complex image elements such as texture maps in system memory and thus reduces the need for large amounts of memory on the adapter itself. AGP runs at 66 MHz—twice as fast as the PCI bus—and can support data transfer speeds up to 533 Mb per second.
c)ISA- Acronym for Industry Standard Architecture. A bus design specification that allows components to be added as cards plugged into standard expansion slots in IBM Personal Computers and compatibles. Originally introduced in the IBM PC/XT with an 8-bit data path, ISA was expanded in 1984, when IBM introduced the PC/AT, to permit a 16-bit data path. A 16-bit ISA slot actually consists of two separate 8-bit slots mounted end-to-end so that a single 16-bit card plugs into both slots. An 8-bit expansion card can be inserted and used in a 16-bit slot (it occupies only one of the two slots), but a 16-bit expansion card cannot be used in an 8-bit slot.
#To differentiate the different slot.
A) PCI slot-shortest than the AGP and ISA slot and mostly lies between the AGP and ISA slot.
B) AGP slot- Mostly closer to the CPU and slightly longer than the PCI slot.
C) ISA slot- Far from the CPU and longest than that of PCI and AGP slot.
4. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The computational and control unit of a computer. The central processing unit is the device that interprets and executes instructions. Mainframes and early minicomputers contained circuit boards full of integrated circuits that implemented the central processing unit. Single-chip central processing units, called microprocessors, made possible personal computers and workstations. The CPU—or microprocessor, in the case of a microcomputer—has the ability to fetch, decode, and execute instructions and to transfer information to and from other resources over the computer's main data-transfer path, the bus. By definition, the CPU is the chip that functions as the "brain" of a computer. In some instances, however, the term encompasses both the processor and the computer's memory or, even more broadly, the main computer console (as opposed to peripheral equipment)
A central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip. A modern microprocessor can have over 1 million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that is roughly 1 inch square. Microprocessors are at the heart of all personal computers. When memory and power are added to a microprocessor, all the pieces, excluding peripherals, required for a computer are present.
5. CPU Fan.
The cooling fan which is fixed over the processor. The main function of the processor fan is to prevent processor from heat. The paste heat sink is coated between the cpu and fan to make the processor for the long period. 12 v id required for the fan to move which is provide from the motherboard.
6. Ram (Random Access Memory)
Acronym for random access memory. Semiconductor-based memory that can be read and written by the CPU or other hardware devices. The storage locations can be accessed in any order. Note that the various types of ROM memory are capable of random access, but cannot be written to. The term RAM, however, is generally understood to refer to volatile memory that can be written to as well as read.
Types of RAM:
a)SD Ram- 13 cm memory where there are two gap at the base level of the Ram.
b) DDR Ram- 13 Cm memory where there is one gap at the base level of the RAM which is located at the 7 cm of the memory.
c) DDR2 Ram- 13 Cm memory where there is one gap at the base level of the RAM which is located at the 7.3 cm of the memory.
7. Optical Drive:
A disk drive that reads and often can write data on optical discs. Examples of optical drives include CD-ROM drive, CD-RW(read and write), Combo (cd -rw+dvd read), DvD RAM (Dvd read and Write).
8. BATTERY:
Two or more cells in a container that produces an electrical current when two electrodes within the container touch an electrolyte. In personal computers, batteries are used as an auxiliary source of power when the main power is shut off; as a power source for laptop and notebook computers (rechargeable batteries, such as nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and lithium ion, are used); and as a method to keep the internal clock and the circuitry that is responsible for the part of RAM that stores important system information always powered up.
9. HARD DISK:
A device containing one or more inflexible platters coated with material in which data can be recorded magnetically, together with their read/write heads, the head-positioning mechanism, and the spindle motor in a sealed case that protects against outside contaminants. The protected environment allows the heads to fly 10 to 25 millionths of an inch above the surfaces of platters rotating typically at 3600 rpm; therefore, much more data can be stored and accessed much more quickly than on a floppy disk. Most hard disks contain from two to eight platters. Also called hard disk drive.
10. FLOPPY Drive:
A round piece of flexible plastic film coated with ferric oxide particles that can hold a magnetic field. When placed inside a disk drive, the floppy disk rotates to bring different areas, or sectors, of the disk surface under the drive's read/write head, which can detect and alter the orientation of the particles' magnetic fields to represent binary 1s and 0s. A floppy disk 5.25 inches in diameter is encased in a flexible plastic jacket and has a large hole in the center, which fits around a spindle in the disk drive; such a disk can hold from a few hundred thousand to over one million bytes of data. A 3.5-inch disk encased in rigid plastic is also called a floppy disk or a microfloppy disk. In addition, 8-inch floppy disks were common in DEC and other minicomputer systems
MS DOS-
Acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System. A single-tasking, single-user operating system with a command-line interface, released in 1981 for IBM and IBM-compatible computers. MS-DOS, like other operating systems, oversees operations such as disk input and output, video support, keyboard control, and many internal functions related to program execution and file maintenance.
MS DOS is the command-line interface. Language used in MS DOS is call syntax. We can create, Rename, Delete, copy files from one drive to another drive by using commanding syntax. Along these we can Format the drive and easily convert the file system (FAT to NTFS) by using the commanding syntax.
BIOS:
Acronym for basic input/output system. On PC-compatible computers, the set of essential software routines that test hardware at startup, start the operating system, and support the transfer of data among hardware devices. The BIOS is stored in read-only memory (ROM) so that it can be executed when the computer is turned on. Although critical to performance, the BIOS is usually invisible to computer users.
To enter to the BIOS we can press the Del button after the computer starts. (note: there may be the different button to enter the bios according to the Mother-Board, for eg : mostly F2 button is used to enter to the bios in pin less board). We can change the configuration according to our requirement through the bios.
Formatting and setup by using win-XP bootable Disk.
There are different ways to formatting the drive. By using xp Bootable disk its easy and appropriate way to format the drive and setup.
Steps:
• Press del button before the computer starts to enter to the bios.
• Then go to the ‘Advance Bios configuration’ or ‘Boot’.
• Select the ‘First Boot Device’ as CD rom and press enter.
• Press F10 to save the current settings and exit.
• After that insert the XP bootable disk and restart the computer to let the computer boot from the cd.
• Then the computer displays, ‘press any key to boot from cd’
• Press any key and the computer starts to boot after inspecting the hardware configuration.
• Then the bootable cd automatically load the drivers.
• After that the computer displays the drives which we want to format. For eg: c:,d:,e: .
• Then there are the option
1. Leave the current operating operating system.
2. Format the drive in FAT file system quickly.
3. Format the drive in NTFS file system quickly.
4. Format the drive in FAT file system.
5. Format the drive in NTFS file system.
• Choose the option according to the requirement.
• Then select the drive and press enter, and press F to format and to continue format press enter or esc to escape.
• Then the drive will be formatted and the computer start to copying the files. After completing the copying the file the computer starts to reboot automatically.
• Then the computer again displays ‘Press any key to boot from cd’ the time don’t press any key.
• Then the computer automatically starts to setup the Win-XP.
• A window like wizard displays as….
• Collection
Information
• Dynamic
Update
• Preparing
Installation
• Installing
Windows
• Finalizing Installation
Setup will complete in approximately
39 Minutes.
Installing Network
• After the setup complete. The computer automatically setup the dotnet, apply the personal settings and themes.
• Then take out the win-xp bootable disk and insert the Mother board cd.
• XP supports the auto-run and brows the cd and displays the uninstalled drivers.
• Then check-in the box which we want to installed the driver like diver of Audio, VGA,etc. and press enter to continue the driver installation.
• After the driver will installed the computer restarted automatically.
• After all the driver will installed the setup completes.
• Then we have to installed the required softwares.
• Casing
• Smps (System Monitoring Power Supply)
• Motherboard
• Cpu (central processing unit)
• Cpu Fan
• Ram (random access memory)
• Optical drive (cd-rom, dvd rom)
• Pci card (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
• Agp (Accelerate Graphic Port)
• Isa (Industry Standard Architech)
• Battery
• Hard disk
• Floppy drive
1. Casing:
Casing is the like a box, where we could assemble our different computer parts. Casing is differentiate as AT or ATX according to the SMPS fit in there. Generally Casing contains the Smps, Power button, Reset button along with the cables.
2. SMPS (System Monitoring Power Supply)
An electrical device that transforms standard wall outlet electricity (115–220 volts AC) into the lower voltages (typically 5 to 12 volts DC) required by computer systems. Personal computer power supplies are rated by wattage; they usually range from about 90 watts at the low end through 250 watts at the high end.
Types of Smps:
a)AT Smps
b)ATx smps
a) AT Smps-
AT Smps generally fit in AT Casing. AT Smps contains 12 pin hold connect to different colours of different volt.
Pin No. Colour Volt
1 Orange 3.3v
2 Red 5v
3 Yellow 12v
4 Blue -12v
5 Black 0
6 Black 0
7 Black 0
8 Black 0
9 White -5v
10 Red 5v
11 Red 5v
12 Red 5v
ATX Smps-
ATX smps generally fit on ATX casing. ATX casing generally contains 20 pins or 24 pin hold connect to different colours of different volts.
Pin no. Colour Volts
1 Orange 3.3v
2 Orange 3.3v
3 Black 0v
4 Red 5v
5 Black 0
6 Red 5v
7 Black 0
8 Gray PowerOK
9 Purple 5vSB
10 Blue 12v
11 Orange 3.3v
12 Blue -12v
13 Black 0
14 Brown PS-on
15 Black 0
16 Black 0
17 Black 0
18 White -5v
19 Red +5v
20 Red +5v
The Four extra Pin Holds are defined as below.
Pin Definition
Pin Signal
1 GND
2 GND
3 12v
4 12v
3. Mother Board:
Logical board: Another name for motherboard or processor board. The term was used in conjunction with older computers to distinguish the video board (analog board) from the motherboard.
The main circuit board containing the primary components of a computer system. This board contains the processor, main memory, support circuitry, and bus controller and connector. Other boards, including expansion memory and input/output boards, may attach to the motherboard via the bus connector. There is a number of Bus line or Bus route through which the data transfer in a bus speed.
Along these different mother board contains the different slots. They are pointed as below.
A) PCI- Peripheral Component Interconnect
B) AGP-Accelerated Graphics Port
C) ISA-Industry Standard Architecture
a)PCI local Bus- Short for Peripheral Component Interconnect local bus. A specification introduced by Intel Corporation that defines a local bus system for a computer built to the PCI specification. The PCI local bus allows up to 10 PCI-compliant expansion cards to be installed in the computer. A PCI local bus system requires the presence of a PCI controller card, which must be installed in one of the PCI-compliant slots. Optionally, an expansion bus controller for the system's ISA, EISA, or Micro Channel Architecture slots can be installed as well, providing increased synchronization over all the system's bus-installed resources. The PCI controller can exchange data with the system's CPU either 32 bits or 64 bits at a time, depending on the implementation, and it allows intelligent, PCI-compliant adapters to perform tasks concurrently with the CPU using a technique called bus mastering. The PCI specification allows for multiplexing, a technique that permits more than one electrical signal to be present on the bus at one time.
b)AGP- Acronym for Accelerated Graphics Port, a high-performance bus specification designed fast, high-quality display 3D and video images. Developed by Intel Corporation, AGP uses a dedicated point-to-point connection between the graphics controller and main system memory. This connection enables AGP-capable display adapters and compatible chip sets to transfer video data directly between system memory and adapter memory, to display images more quickly and smoothly than they can be when the information must be transferred over the system’s primary (PCI) bus. AGP also allows for storing complex image elements such as texture maps in system memory and thus reduces the need for large amounts of memory on the adapter itself. AGP runs at 66 MHz—twice as fast as the PCI bus—and can support data transfer speeds up to 533 Mb per second.
c)ISA- Acronym for Industry Standard Architecture. A bus design specification that allows components to be added as cards plugged into standard expansion slots in IBM Personal Computers and compatibles. Originally introduced in the IBM PC/XT with an 8-bit data path, ISA was expanded in 1984, when IBM introduced the PC/AT, to permit a 16-bit data path. A 16-bit ISA slot actually consists of two separate 8-bit slots mounted end-to-end so that a single 16-bit card plugs into both slots. An 8-bit expansion card can be inserted and used in a 16-bit slot (it occupies only one of the two slots), but a 16-bit expansion card cannot be used in an 8-bit slot.
#To differentiate the different slot.
A) PCI slot-shortest than the AGP and ISA slot and mostly lies between the AGP and ISA slot.
B) AGP slot- Mostly closer to the CPU and slightly longer than the PCI slot.
C) ISA slot- Far from the CPU and longest than that of PCI and AGP slot.
4. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The computational and control unit of a computer. The central processing unit is the device that interprets and executes instructions. Mainframes and early minicomputers contained circuit boards full of integrated circuits that implemented the central processing unit. Single-chip central processing units, called microprocessors, made possible personal computers and workstations. The CPU—or microprocessor, in the case of a microcomputer—has the ability to fetch, decode, and execute instructions and to transfer information to and from other resources over the computer's main data-transfer path, the bus. By definition, the CPU is the chip that functions as the "brain" of a computer. In some instances, however, the term encompasses both the processor and the computer's memory or, even more broadly, the main computer console (as opposed to peripheral equipment)
A central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip. A modern microprocessor can have over 1 million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that is roughly 1 inch square. Microprocessors are at the heart of all personal computers. When memory and power are added to a microprocessor, all the pieces, excluding peripherals, required for a computer are present.
5. CPU Fan.
The cooling fan which is fixed over the processor. The main function of the processor fan is to prevent processor from heat. The paste heat sink is coated between the cpu and fan to make the processor for the long period. 12 v id required for the fan to move which is provide from the motherboard.
6. Ram (Random Access Memory)
Acronym for random access memory. Semiconductor-based memory that can be read and written by the CPU or other hardware devices. The storage locations can be accessed in any order. Note that the various types of ROM memory are capable of random access, but cannot be written to. The term RAM, however, is generally understood to refer to volatile memory that can be written to as well as read.
Types of RAM:
a)SD Ram- 13 cm memory where there are two gap at the base level of the Ram.
b) DDR Ram- 13 Cm memory where there is one gap at the base level of the RAM which is located at the 7 cm of the memory.
c) DDR2 Ram- 13 Cm memory where there is one gap at the base level of the RAM which is located at the 7.3 cm of the memory.
7. Optical Drive:
A disk drive that reads and often can write data on optical discs. Examples of optical drives include CD-ROM drive, CD-RW(read and write), Combo (cd -rw+dvd read), DvD RAM (Dvd read and Write).
8. BATTERY:
Two or more cells in a container that produces an electrical current when two electrodes within the container touch an electrolyte. In personal computers, batteries are used as an auxiliary source of power when the main power is shut off; as a power source for laptop and notebook computers (rechargeable batteries, such as nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and lithium ion, are used); and as a method to keep the internal clock and the circuitry that is responsible for the part of RAM that stores important system information always powered up.
9. HARD DISK:
A device containing one or more inflexible platters coated with material in which data can be recorded magnetically, together with their read/write heads, the head-positioning mechanism, and the spindle motor in a sealed case that protects against outside contaminants. The protected environment allows the heads to fly 10 to 25 millionths of an inch above the surfaces of platters rotating typically at 3600 rpm; therefore, much more data can be stored and accessed much more quickly than on a floppy disk. Most hard disks contain from two to eight platters. Also called hard disk drive.
10. FLOPPY Drive:
A round piece of flexible plastic film coated with ferric oxide particles that can hold a magnetic field. When placed inside a disk drive, the floppy disk rotates to bring different areas, or sectors, of the disk surface under the drive's read/write head, which can detect and alter the orientation of the particles' magnetic fields to represent binary 1s and 0s. A floppy disk 5.25 inches in diameter is encased in a flexible plastic jacket and has a large hole in the center, which fits around a spindle in the disk drive; such a disk can hold from a few hundred thousand to over one million bytes of data. A 3.5-inch disk encased in rigid plastic is also called a floppy disk or a microfloppy disk. In addition, 8-inch floppy disks were common in DEC and other minicomputer systems
MS DOS-
Acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System. A single-tasking, single-user operating system with a command-line interface, released in 1981 for IBM and IBM-compatible computers. MS-DOS, like other operating systems, oversees operations such as disk input and output, video support, keyboard control, and many internal functions related to program execution and file maintenance.
MS DOS is the command-line interface. Language used in MS DOS is call syntax. We can create, Rename, Delete, copy files from one drive to another drive by using commanding syntax. Along these we can Format the drive and easily convert the file system (FAT to NTFS) by using the commanding syntax.
BIOS:
Acronym for basic input/output system. On PC-compatible computers, the set of essential software routines that test hardware at startup, start the operating system, and support the transfer of data among hardware devices. The BIOS is stored in read-only memory (ROM) so that it can be executed when the computer is turned on. Although critical to performance, the BIOS is usually invisible to computer users.
To enter to the BIOS we can press the Del button after the computer starts. (note: there may be the different button to enter the bios according to the Mother-Board, for eg : mostly F2 button is used to enter to the bios in pin less board). We can change the configuration according to our requirement through the bios.
Formatting and setup by using win-XP bootable Disk.
There are different ways to formatting the drive. By using xp Bootable disk its easy and appropriate way to format the drive and setup.
Steps:
• Press del button before the computer starts to enter to the bios.
• Then go to the ‘Advance Bios configuration’ or ‘Boot’.
• Select the ‘First Boot Device’ as CD rom and press enter.
• Press F10 to save the current settings and exit.
• After that insert the XP bootable disk and restart the computer to let the computer boot from the cd.
• Then the computer displays, ‘press any key to boot from cd’
• Press any key and the computer starts to boot after inspecting the hardware configuration.
• Then the bootable cd automatically load the drivers.
• After that the computer displays the drives which we want to format. For eg: c:,d:,e: .
• Then there are the option
1. Leave the current operating operating system.
2. Format the drive in FAT file system quickly.
3. Format the drive in NTFS file system quickly.
4. Format the drive in FAT file system.
5. Format the drive in NTFS file system.
• Choose the option according to the requirement.
• Then select the drive and press enter, and press F to format and to continue format press enter or esc to escape.
• Then the drive will be formatted and the computer start to copying the files. After completing the copying the file the computer starts to reboot automatically.
• Then the computer again displays ‘Press any key to boot from cd’ the time don’t press any key.
• Then the computer automatically starts to setup the Win-XP.
• A window like wizard displays as….
• Collection
Information
• Dynamic
Update
• Preparing
Installation
• Installing
Windows
• Finalizing Installation
Setup will complete in approximately
39 Minutes.
Installing Network
• After the setup complete. The computer automatically setup the dotnet, apply the personal settings and themes.
• Then take out the win-xp bootable disk and insert the Mother board cd.
• XP supports the auto-run and brows the cd and displays the uninstalled drivers.
• Then check-in the box which we want to installed the driver like diver of Audio, VGA,etc. and press enter to continue the driver installation.
• After the driver will installed the computer restarted automatically.
• After all the driver will installed the setup completes.
• Then we have to installed the required softwares.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)